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Immunogold Localization of Molecular Constituents Associated with Basal Bodies, Flagella, and Extracellular Matrices in Male Gametes of Land Plants
Author:
Date:
2017-11-05
[Abstract]  Male gametes (spermatozoids) are the only motile cells produced during the life cycle of land plants. While absent from flowering and most cone-bearing plants, motile cells are found in less derived taxa, including bryophytes (mosses, liverworts and hornworts), pteridophytes (lycophytes and ferns) and some seed plants (Ginkgo and cycads). During development, these cells undergo profound changes that involve the production of a locomotory apparatus, unique microtubule (MT) arrays, and a series of special cell walls that are produced in sequence and are synchronized with cellular differentiation. Immunogold labeling in the transmission electron microscope (TEM) provides information on the exact location and potential function of macromolecules involved with this developmental ... [摘要]  雄性配子(精子)是陆地植物生命周期中唯一产生的运动细胞。虽然没有开花和大多数含有锥体的植物,但在少量来源的分类群中发现运动细胞,包括苔藓植物(苔藓,苔草和horn)),蕨类植物(石膏植物和蕨类植物)和一些种子植物(银杏,苏铁)。在发育过程中,这些细胞发生深刻的变化,涉及生产运动装置,独特的微管(MT)阵列和一系列特定的细胞壁,这些细胞壁依次产生并与细胞分化同步。透射电子显微镜(TEM)中的免疫金标记提供了涉及该发育过程的大分子的确切位置和潜在功能的信息。具体而言,可能将表位定位于与涉及MT产生和功能的细胞内含物相关的蛋白质。在这些植物中的精子发生对于检查构成细胞外基质的碳水化合物和糖蛋白的差异表达也是理想的,所述细胞外基质与配子形状和运动装置发育中的戏剧性建筑变化相关。在这里我们提供使用单克隆抗体(MAbs)和透射电子显微镜中免疫金标记的方法来定位精子发育不可或缺的大分子。

【背景】动植物的陆地植物是惊人的多样化,鞭毛数量从2到4万以上(Renzaglia和Garbary,2001)。在一系列同心的有丝分裂分裂内,新生精细胞(精细胞)在一个动态和生长的细胞壁的范围内经历一系列的发育变化。当细胞器重新定位和成形时,产生复杂的运动装置并且鞭毛在细胞周围伸长。同步开发在一个单一的天竺鼠中,在一个单一的成熟阶段和不同的剖面中产生数百个细胞。

这种深刻的细胞分化涉及独特的MT阵列的发展,样条和鞭毛,从离散的微管组织中心(MTOCs),唯一含有中心粒的中心体在陆地植物散发。由于基因体,鞭毛及相关复合体在发育中的雄性配子中的独家出现,精子发生的研究揭示了MT阵列的结构,组成和发育变化的重要信息,因为它们涉及细胞周期,MTOC和细胞分化(Joshi等人,1992; ...

Scanning Electron Microscopy of Motile Male Gametes of Land Plants
Author:
Date:
2017-10-05
[Abstract]  The only motile cells produced in land plants are male gametes (spermatozoids), which are reduced to non-flagellated cells in flowering plants and most gymnosperms. Although a coiled architecture is universal, the complexity of land plant flagellated cells varies from biflagellated in bryophytes to thousands of flagella per gametes in the seed plants Ginkgo and cycads. This wide diversity in number of flagella is associated with vast differences in cell size and shape. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has played an important role in characterizing the external form, including cell shape and arrangement of flagella, across the varied motile gametes of land plants. Because of the size and scarcity of released swimming sperm, it is difficult to concentrate them and prepare them ... [摘要]  在陆地植物中生产的唯一的活细胞是雄性配子(精子),它们在开花植物和大多数裸子植物中被还原成非鞭毛细胞。 虽然盘绕的建筑是普遍的,但是种植植物鞭毛细胞的复杂性在种子植物银杏和苏铁中每个配子的苔藓植物双歧杆菌数量增加到成千上万的鞭毛。 鞭毛数量的多样性与细胞大小和形状的巨大差异有关。 扫描电子显微镜(SEM)在表征陆地植物各种动态配子的外形形态,包括鞭毛的细胞形态和排列方面发挥了重要作用。 由于释放游泳精子的大小和稀缺性,难以集中精力并准备在SEM中观察。 在这里,我们详细介绍了SEM制备技术,可以在植物组中产生精子细胞的良好保存。
【背景】土地植物的运动配子是非常多样化的,通过涉及重新定位细胞组分和组装复杂运动器官的转化来发展(Renzaglia和Garbary,2001)。由于细胞壁施加的限制,细胞和鞭毛的伸长在几乎球形的空间周围,导致成熟配子的盘绕构型。卷取程度从每个单元只有一到多到十转。每个配子的鞭毛数量甚至更多变化,从苔藓植物(苔藓,>随着银杏和苏铁的多样化,剩余的利用花粉管将非活动精子输送到卵细胞的种子植物中,基底体和鞭毛的所有残留都丢失(Southworth and Cresti,1997)。男性配子提供了丰富的生物学信息,包括生物多样性和细胞分化和进化(Garbary et al。,1993; Renzaglia et al。,1995; Renzaglia ...

Ex vivo Model of Human Aortic Valve Bacterial Colonization
Author:
Date:
2017-06-05
[Abstract]  The interaction of pathogens with host tissues is a key step towards successful colonization and establishment of an infection. During bacteremia, pathogens can virtually reach all organs in the human body (e.g., heart, kidney, spleen) but host immunity, blood flow and tissue integrity generally prevents bacterial colonization. Yet, patients with cardiac conditions (e.g., congenital heart disease, atherosclerosis, calcific aortic stenosis, prosthetic valve recipients) are at a higher risk of bacterial infection. This protocol was adapted from an established ex vivo porcine heart adhesion model and takes advantage of the availability of heart tissues obtained from patients that underwent aortic valve replacement surgery. In this protocol, fresh tissues are used ... [摘要]  病原体与宿主组织的相互作用是成功定居和建立感染的关键步骤。在菌血症期间,病原体几乎可以达到人体内的所有器官(例如心脏,肾脏,脾脏),但是宿主的免疫力,血流和组织完整性通常防止细菌定植。然而,患有心脏病(例如先天性心脏病,动脉粥样硬化,钙化性主动脉狭窄,人工瓣膜受体)的患者处于较高的细菌感染风险。该方案从已建立的远端猪心脏粘连模型改编而成,并且利用从经历主动脉瓣置换手术的患者获得的心脏组织的可用性。在该方案中,使用新鲜组织来评估与心血管感染相关的细菌病原体(例如变形链球菌)与人主动脉瓣组织的直接相互作用。

背景 口腔病原体变形链球菌被认为是龋齿中的主要病原体,也可以与感染性心内膜炎(IE)等口腔外感染有关(Banas,2004)。 ...

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