| Transmission Electron Microscopy for Analysis of Mitochondria in Mouse Skeletal Muscle
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Author:
Date:
2018-05-20
[Abstract] Skeletal muscle is the most abundant tissue in the human body and regulates a variety of functions including locomotion and whole-body metabolism. Skeletal muscle has a plethora of mitochondria, the organelles that are essential for aerobic generation of ATP which provides the chemical energy to fuel vital functions such as contraction. The number of mitochondria in skeletal muscle and their function decline with normal aging and in various neuromuscular diseases and in catabolic conditions such as cancer, starvation, denervation, and immobilization. Moreover, compromised mitochondrial function is also associated with metabolic disorders including type 2 diabetes mellitus. It is now clear that maintaining mitochondrial content and function in skeletal muscle is vital for sustained health ...
[摘要] 骨骼肌是人体中含量最丰富的组织，可调节各种功能，包括运动和全身代谢。骨骼肌有很多线粒体，这是ATP好氧生成所必需的细胞器，它提供化学能量来促进收缩等重要功能。骨骼肌中线粒体的数量及其功能随着正常衰老和各种神经肌肉疾病以及癌症，饥饿，去神经支配和固定等分解代谢条件而下降。此外，受损的线粒体功能也与包括2型糖尿病在内的代谢紊乱有关。现在清楚的是维持骨骼肌中的线粒体含量和功能对于整个寿命期间的持续健康是至关重要的。虽然有许多染色方法可用于研究线粒体，但透射电子显微镜（TEM）仍然是研究骨骼肌中线粒体结构和健康的最重要方法。它提供关于线粒体含量，嵴密度，组织，自噬体形成以及在各种疾病状况中经常观察到的任何其他异常的关键信息。在本文中，我们描述了一个详细的协议样本制备和透射电镜分析小鼠骨骼肌线粒体。
【背景】骨骼肌是一种高度塑性的组织，经过响应一些细胞外信号的形态和代谢适应性。包括抵抗或耐力运动在内的许多干扰刺激线粒体生物发生，导致增加的代谢能力和抵抗疲劳（Li等人，2008; Sandri，2008）。相反，在衰老期间，不活动，以及在许多分解代谢疾病状态下，骨骼肌线粒体数量和功能下降，导致易疲劳性和胰岛素抵抗增加（Sandri，2008）。功能失调的线粒体的累积也可能导致进行性活性氧物质诱导的损伤，从而进一步损害骨骼肌中的氧化能力（Bonnard等人，2008）。 ...
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| Transverse Sectioning of Arabidopsis thaliana Leaves Using Resin Embedding
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Author:
Date:
2015-09-20
[Abstract] The leaf is the major functional part of the shoot performing the bulk of photosynthetic activity. Its development is relatively plastic allowing the plant to adapt to environmental changes by modifying leaf size and anatomy. Moreover, a leaf is made up of various distinct cell layers, each having specialized functions. To understand functional adaptation and the development of the leaf it is essential to obtain cross sections throughout leaf development and at maturity (Kalve et al., 2014). Here, we describe a protocol for transverse sectioning of Arabidopsis thaliana leaves using resin embedding. This protocol provides a reliable platform to yield high quality images of cross sections allowing study of development of various tissue layers across the transversal axis of ...
[摘要] 叶是进行大量光合活性的枝条的主要功能部分。其发育是相对塑性的，允许植物通过改变叶的大小和解剖学适应环境变化。此外，叶片由各自不同的细胞层组成，每个细胞层具有专门的功能。为了理解功能适应和叶的发育，必须在叶发育和成熟期间获得横截面（Kalve等人，2014）。在这里，我们描述了使用树脂嵌入的拟南芥叶片的横切片的方案。这个协议提供了一个可靠的平台，产生高质量的横截面图像，允许研究横跨叶片横向轴线的各种组织层的发展。因为该方法是Beeckman和Viane（1999）和De Smet等人（2004）为拟南芥根尖所开发的方案的改编，所以它可以容易地修改以适应其他器官和物种。
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| Transmission Electron Microscopy for Tobacco Chloroplast Ultrastructure
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Author:
Date:
2015-02-20
[Abstract] The chloroplast is the site of photosynthesis that enabled and sustains aerobic life on Earth. Chloroplasts are relatively large organelles with a diameter of ~5 μm and width of ~2.5 μm, and so can be readily analysed by electron microscopy. Each chloroplast is enclosed by two envelope membranes, which encompass an aqueous matrix, the stroma and the thylakoids. Components of stroma include starch granules and plastoglobuli, which can be observed by electron microscopy. And the thylakoids consist of stromal thylakoid, granal thylakoid and as well as granum (a stack of thylakoids). These structure components are quite sensitive to developmental changes and environmental variations, such as drought, salinity, cold, high temperature and others. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a ...
[摘要] 叶绿体是光合作用的位点，其使得和维持地球上的有氧生命。叶绿体是相对大的细胞器，直径为〜5μm，宽度为〜2.5μm，因此可以容易地通过电子显微镜分析。每个叶绿体被两个包膜包封，其包含水性基质，基质和类囊体。基质的组分包括淀粉颗粒和塑性球体，其可以通过电子显微镜观察。类囊体由基质类囊体，颗粒类囊体以及颗粒（一叠类囊体）组成。这些结构组分对发展变化和环境变化（如干旱，盐度，寒冷，高温等）相当敏感。透射电子显微镜（TEM）是一种强大的技术，用于监测各种变化的参数或治疗对这些重要细胞器的发育和分化的影响。在这里我们描述一种可靠的方法通过TEM分析烟草植物的质体超微结构。
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