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BR-2000 Vortexer

BR-2000Vortexer

Company: Bio-Rad Laboratories
Catalog#: BR-2000
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Ionization Properties of Phospholipids Determined by Zeta Potential Measurements
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Date:
2016-11-20
[Abstract]  Biological membranes are vital for diverse cellular functions such as maintaining cell and organelle structure, selective permeability, active transport, and signaling. The surface charge of the membrane bilayer plays a critical role in these myriad processes. For most biomembranes, the surface charge of anionic phospholipids contributes to the negative surface charge density within the interfacial region of the bilayer. To quantify surface charge, it is essential to understand the proton dissociation behavior of the titratable headgroups within such lipids. We describe a protocol that uses model membranes for electrokinetic zeta potential measurements coupled with data analysis using Gouy-Chapman-Stern formalism to determine the pKa value of the component lipids. A ... [摘要]  生物膜对于多种细胞功能如维持细胞和细胞器结构,选择性渗透性,主动转运和信号传导至关重要。膜双层的表面电荷在这些无数过程中起关键作用。对于大多数生物膜,阴离子磷脂的表面电荷有助于在双层的界面区域内的负表面电荷密度。为了量化表面电荷,必须理解可滴定头基在这种脂质内的质子解离行为。我们描述了使用模型膜用于电动ζ电位测量以及使用Gouy-Chapman-Stern形式的数据分析以确定组分脂质的p a 值的方案。提供了由单阴离子脂质磷脂酰甘油组成的均匀双层的详细实施例。这种方法可以适用于测量具有异质脂质组合的双层,以及用于在头部组中具有多个可滴定位点的脂质(例如,心磷脂)。

[背景] 磷脂是生物膜的中心结构单元(图1)。作为两亲性分子,每个包含由酰基链组成的疏水区和由极性头基组成的亲水区(图1A)。一些磷脂头基是两性离子的,在生理pH下含有带正电和带负电的官能团(图1B),而其它磷脂头基是酸性的,带有整体形式的负电荷(图1C)。生物膜内的脂质作为层状组件稳定存在,形成双层,其中两个叶的酰基链相互作用形成疏水核和由极性头基组成的两个界面区域(图1D)。大多数天然存在的生物膜含有一定百分比的酸性磷脂;因此,它们的脂质组成赋予界面区域净负电荷(Gennis,1989; ...

Separation of Free and Bound cAMP in Mycobacteria
Author:
Date:
2016-07-20
[Abstract]  Mycobacterial genomes encode a plethora of genes that are involved in the synthesis, utilization and degradation of cAMP. The genome of M. tuberculosis H37Rv, for example, encodes 16 adenylyl cyclases and 10 genes harbouring the cyclic nucleotide-binding (CNB) domain (Shenoy and Visweswariah, 2006). Cyclic AMP is efficiently secreted by mycobacteria, and cytosolic as well as extracellular levels of cAMP can reach hundreds of micromolar. We have recently reported that an abundantly expressed universal stress protein (USP; Rv1636 in M. tuberculosis H37Rv and MSMEG_3811 in M. smegmatis, respectively) binds cAMP (Banerjee et al., 2015). Given the number of cAMP-binding proteins present in mycobacteria, it is expected that a significant fraction of ... [摘要]  分枝杆菌基因组编码涉及cAMP的合成,利用和降解的大量基因。例如,结核分枝杆菌H37Rv的基因组编码16个腺苷酸环化酶和10个携带环核苷酸结合(CNB)结构域的基因(Shenoy和Visweswariah,2006)。循环AMP由分枝杆菌有效分泌,细胞溶质以及细胞外cAMP水平可达数百微摩尔。我们最近报道,大量表达的普遍应激蛋白(USP; Rv1636在结核分枝杆菌H37Rv和MSMEG_3811分别在耻垢分枝杆菌中)分别结合cAMP(Banerjee等,2015)。鉴于存在于分枝杆菌中的cAMP结合蛋白的数量,预期细胞内cAMP的显着部分可能与蛋白质结合。通常用于测量cAMP的方法是放射免疫测定(RIA)和ELISA。然而,这些方法包括将cAMP“结合”解离成蛋白质的样品的预先酸化,因此代表样品中存在的“总”cAMP。在本协议中,我们描述了一种将cAMP'结合'蛋白质与蛋白质“自由”分离或与蛋白质不相关的方法。这通过使细胞溶质级分或培养物上清液通过具有3kDa截止值的膜过滤来进行。只有'自由'cAMP才能通过膜。因此,滤液中的cAMP浓度代表样品中的“游离”cAMP。原始细胞溶质级分或培养上清液中的环AMP水平代表“总”cAMP浓度。从“总”中减去“自由”提供了与蛋白质结合的cAMP量。

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