| Separation of Free and Bound cAMP in Mycobacteria
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Author:
Date:
2016-07-20
[Abstract] Mycobacterial genomes encode a plethora of genes that are involved in the synthesis, utilization and degradation of cAMP. The genome of M. tuberculosis H37Rv, for example, encodes 16 adenylyl cyclases and 10 genes harbouring the cyclic nucleotide-binding (CNB) domain (Shenoy and Visweswariah, 2006). Cyclic AMP is efficiently secreted by mycobacteria, and cytosolic as well as extracellular levels of cAMP can reach hundreds of micromolar. We have recently reported that an abundantly expressed universal stress protein (USP; Rv1636 in M. tuberculosis H37Rv and MSMEG_3811 in M. smegmatis, respectively) binds cAMP (Banerjee et al., 2015). Given the number of cAMP-binding proteins present in mycobacteria, it is expected that a significant fraction of ...
[摘要] 分枝杆菌基因组编码涉及cAMP的合成，利用和降解的大量基因。例如，结核分枝杆菌H37Rv的基因组编码16个腺苷酸环化酶和10个携带环核苷酸结合（CNB）结构域的基因（Shenoy和Visweswariah，2006）。循环AMP由分枝杆菌有效分泌，细胞溶质以及细胞外cAMP水平可达数百微摩尔。我们最近报道，大量表达的普遍应激蛋白（USP; Rv1636在结核分枝杆菌H37Rv和MSMEG_3811分别在耻垢分枝杆菌中）分别结合cAMP（Banerjee等，2015）。鉴于存在于分枝杆菌中的cAMP结合蛋白的数量，预期细胞内cAMP的显着部分可能与蛋白质结合。通常用于测量cAMP的方法是放射免疫测定（RIA）和ELISA。然而，这些方法包括将cAMP“结合”解离成蛋白质的样品的预先酸化，因此代表样品中存在的“总”cAMP。在本协议中，我们描述了一种将cAMP'结合'蛋白质与蛋白质“自由”分离或与蛋白质不相关的方法。这通过使细胞溶质级分或培养物上清液通过具有3kDa截止值的膜过滤来进行。只有'自由'cAMP才能通过膜。因此，滤液中的cAMP浓度代表样品中的“游离”cAMP。原始细胞溶质级分或培养上清液中的环AMP水平代表“总”cAMP浓度。从“总”中减去“自由”提供了与蛋白质结合的cAMP量。
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| Detection of Membrane Potential in Mycobacterium tuberculosis
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Author:
Date:
2013-06-05
[Abstract] DiOC2 (Novo et al., 2000) exhibits green fluorescence in all bacterial cells, but the fluorescence shifts towards red emission as the dye molecules self associate at the higher cytosolic concentrations caused by larger membrane potentials. Proton ionophores such as CCCP destroy membrane potential by eliminating the proton gradient. The magnitude of membrane potentials varies with different bacterial species. For many gram-positive species, including Staphylococcus aureus and Micrococcus luteus, the red:green ratio tends to vary with the intensity of the proton gradient while in many gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella choleraesuis, the response of the dye does not appear to be proportional to proton ...
[摘要] DiOC 2（Novo等人，2000）在所有细菌细胞中表现出绿色荧光，但是随着染料分子在更高的胞质浓度自缔合，荧光向红色发射移动 由较大的膜电位引起。 质子离子载体如CCCP通过消除质子梯度来破坏膜电位。 膜电位的大小随不同的细菌种类而变化。 对于许多革兰氏阳性菌种，包括金黄色葡萄球菌和藤黄微球菌，红色：绿色比倾向于随着质子梯度的强度而变化，而在许多革兰氏阴性菌中 例如大肠杆菌和霍乱沙门氏菌，染料的响应似乎不与质子梯度强度成比例。 结核分枝杆菌本身是一种难以处理的生物体，因为其刚性细胞壁。
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