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Glycerol (Certified ACS), Fisher Chemical

甘油(认证ACS)

Company: Thermo Fisher Scientific
Catalog#: G33-1
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Fluorescence in situ Localization of Gene Expression Using a lacZ Reporter in the Heterocyst-forming Cyanobacterium Anabaena variabilis
Author:
Date:
2017-01-05
[Abstract]  One of the most successful fluorescent proteins, used as a reporter of gene expression in many bacterial, plant and animals, is green fluorescent protein and its modified forms, which also function well in cyanobacteria. However, these fluorescent proteins do not allow rapid and economical quantitation of the reporter gene product, as does the popular reporter gene lacZ, encoding the enzyme β-galactosidase. We provide here a protocol for the in situ localization of β-galactosidase activity in cyanobacterial cells. This allows the same strain to be used for both a simple, quantitative, colorimetric assay with the substrate ortho-nitrophenyl-β-galactoside (ONPG) and for sensitive, fluorescence-based, cell-type localization of gene expression using ... [摘要]  在许多细菌,植物和动物中用作基因表达的报告基因的最成功的荧光蛋白之一是绿色荧光蛋白及其修饰形式,其在蓝细菌中也起良好作用。然而,与编码β-半乳糖苷酶的流行的报道基因lacZ一样,这些荧光蛋白不允许报道基因产物的快速和经济的定量。我们在这里提供了在蓝细菌细胞中原位β-半乳糖苷酶活性定位的方案。这允许将相同的菌株用于具有底物邻硝基苯基-β-半乳糖苷(ONPG)的简单,定量,比色测定,并且用于灵敏的,基于荧光的细胞型定位使用5-十二烷酰氨基荧光素二-β-D-吡喃半乳糖苷(C12-FDG)的基因表达。

背景 鱼腥藻变种是一种丝状蓝细菌,其区分称为异养细胞的特异性细胞,其特异性用于固氮(Kumar等人,2010; Maldener and Muro Pastor,2010)。由于在96孔中易于定量,酶,比色,β-半乳糖苷酶测定,我们使用大肠埃希氏菌的 lacZ 基因作为蓝细菌基因表达的转录报告基因(Griffith和Wolf,2002)和使用相同的菌株用于使用荧光底物5-十二烷基聚氨基荧光素二-β-D-吡喃半乳糖苷(C12-FDG)的原位定位基因表达的能力( Thiel等人,1995; ...

Fluorescent Detection of Intracellular Nitric Oxide in Staphylococcus aureus
Author:
Date:
2016-07-20
[Abstract]  Nitric Oxide (NO) is a highly-reactive radical gas that can modify a variety of cellular targets in both eukaryotes and bacteria. NO is produced endogenously by a wide variety of organisms: For example, as a cell-signaling molecule in mammals and bacteria via nitric oxide synthase (NOS) enzymes, and as a product of denitrification. As such, it is of great benefit to NO researchers to be able to sensitively detect intracellular NO and stable reactive nitrogen species (RNS) derived from NO. To this end, a protocol for fluorescent detection of intracellular NO/RNS in biofilm cultures of the Gram-positive pathogen Staphylococcus aureus has been optimized using the commercially-available cell-permeable fluorescent stain 4-Amino-5-Methylamino-2’,7’-Difluorofluorescein Diacetate (DAF-FM ... [摘要]  一氧化氮(NO)是一种高反应性的自由基气体,其可以修饰真核生物和细菌中的多种细胞靶标。 NO由多种生物体内源性产生:例如,作为哺乳动物和细菌中的细胞信号分子,通过一氧化氮合酶(NOS)酶,以及作为脱氮的产物。因此,NO研究人员能够敏感地检测来自NO的细胞内NO和稳定的活性氮物质(RNS)是非常有益的。为此,已经使用商业上可获得的细胞可渗透的荧光染料4-氨基-5来优化用于荧光检测革兰氏阳性病原体金黄色葡萄球菌的生物膜培养物中的细胞内NO/RNS的方案 - 甲基氨基-2',7'-二氟荧光素二乙酸酯(DAF-FM二乙酸酯)。该化合物扩散到细胞中并且通过酯酶的细胞内裂解释放弱荧光DAF-FM,其与NO或其它特异性RNS反应以变成高度荧光的(Kojima等人,1999)。虽然使用荧光板读数器进行荧光的定量,但设想该方案可适用于S的细胞内NO/RNS成像。 aureus biofilms by confocal microscopy。同样,这种技术可以被优化用于检测其它生长条件(即浮游生物培养物)和/或其它细菌/古细菌中的细胞内NO/RNS。

Analysis of RNA-protein Interactions Using Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay (Gel Shift Assay)
Author:
Date:
2013-11-20
[Abstract]  RNA binding proteins (RBPs) play a crucial role in regulating gene expression at the post-transcriptional level at multiple steps including pre-mRNA splicing, polyadenylation, mRNA stability, mRNA localization and translation. RBPs regulate these processes primarily by binding to specific sequence elements in nascent or mature transcripts. There are several hundreds of RBPs in plants, but the targets of most of them are unknown. A variety of experimental methods have been developed to identify targets of an RBP. These include RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP), UV cross-linking and immunoprecipitation (CLIP) and many variations of CLIP (e.g. PAR-CLIP, iCLIP). These approaches depend on immunoprecipitation of RNAs bound to a specific RBP using an antibody to that RBP. Electrophoretic ... [摘要]  RNA结合蛋白(RBP)在包括前mRNA剪接,多聚腺苷酸化,mRNA稳定性,mRNA定位和翻译的多个步骤在调节转录后水平的基因表达中起关键作用。 RBP主要通过结合新生或成熟转录物中的特定序列元件来调节这些过程。植物中有几百个RBP,但其中大多数的目标是未知的。已经开发了各种实验方法来鉴定RBP的目标。这些包括RNA免疫沉淀(RIP),UV交联和免疫沉淀(CLIP)和CLIP的许多变体(例如PAR-CLIP,iCLIP)。这些方法取决于使用针对该RBP的抗体与特异性RBP结合的RNA的免疫沉淀。电泳迁移率变动分析(EMSA),也称为凝胶移位分析,已被用于分析蛋白质 - 核酸相互作用。它是一种简单而强大的方法来分析蛋白质-RNA/DNA相互作用。在RNA EMSA中,通过在蛋白质存在下比较RNA的迁移来可视化RNA-蛋白质复合物。通常,在RNA EMSA中,使用特异性RNA序列来分析其与蛋白质的相互作用。将具有荧光标记的体外转录的32 P标记的或化学合成的RNA与或不与目标蛋白一起温育,然后将反应混合物在天然聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳上运行。 RNA-蛋白复合物与游离RNA相比缓慢迁移,其可以使用成像系统可视化。除了测试RBP与RNA的结合之外,EMSA还用于绘制参与相互作用的RNA和/或蛋白质中的区域。此外,还可以使用EMSA定量结合亲和力。

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