| The Chick Embryo Chorioallantoic Membrane as an in vivo Model to Study Metastasis
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Author:
Date:
2016-10-20
[Abstract] Metastasis is a complex process that includes several steps: neoplastic progression, angiogenesis, cell migration and invasion, intravasation into nearby blood vessels, survival in the circulatory system, extravasation followed by homing into distant tissues, the formation of micrometastases, and finally the growth into macroscopic secondary tumors. This complexity makes metastases difficult to investigate and quantify in animal models. The chick embryo is a unique in vivo model that overcomes many limitations for studying the metastatic process, due to the accessibility of the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM), a well-vascularized extra-embryonic tissue located under the eggshell, that is receptive to the xenografting of mammalian tumor cells, including human. Since the chick ...
[摘要] 转移是一个复杂的过程，包括几个步骤：肿瘤进展，血管生成，细胞迁移和入侵，附近血管内渗，循环系统中的生存，外渗，然后归巢到远端组织，微转移的形成，最后生长宏观继发性肿瘤。这种复杂性使得转移瘤难以在动物模型中研究和量化。鸡胚是独特的体内模型，其克服了用于研究转移过程的许多限制，这是由于绒毛尿囊膜（CAM）的可接近性，所述绒毛尿囊膜是位于蛋壳下的良好血管化的胚胎外组织，其接受哺乳动物肿瘤细胞（包括人）的异种移植。由于鸡胚在此阶段是天然免疫缺陷的，所以CAM可以支持肿瘤细胞的植入，并且其中的生长可忠实地重现致癌过程的大多数特征，包括：生长，侵入，血管生成和远端组织的定居（Deryugina和Quigley，2008; Zijlstra等人，2002）。 CAM在癌细胞移植后5-7天内维持快速肿瘤形成。这个特征提供了用于快速研究转移性级联的灌注和定植步骤的独特实验模型。此外，使用定量PCR来检测物种特异性序列，例如Alu ，鸡胚CAM模型可用于监测和定量在远端组织中异种移植的异位肿瘤细胞的存在。因此，鸡胚模型已经证明是用于癌症研究的有价值的工具，特别是用于研究癌症转移中涉及的分子和途径，并分析转移性癌症对潜在疗法的反应（Herrero等人 。，2015; Casar 。，2014）。在这方面，使用快速和定量的自发转移鸡胚胎模型可以提供用于筛选抗癌剂的常规小鼠模型系统的替代方法。
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| Measurements of Proline and Malondialdehyde Content and Antioxidant Enzyme Activities in Leaves of Drought Stressed Cotton
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Author:
Date:
2016-09-05
[Abstract] Drought stress negatively affects cotton plant growth and induces various biochemical and physiological responses in cotton plants. Proline content and antioxidant enzymes are thought to be associated with maintaining the structure of cellular components or with protecting cellular function. Study of cotton plant responses towards drought stress and investigation of the mechanism of drought tolerance are helpful to develop drought tolerant cotton plants. Here, we describe a protocol to investigate cotton plant response towards drought stress through measurements of biochemical parameters including antioxidant enzyme activities, proline content and malondialdehyde (MDA) content.
[摘要] 干旱胁迫对棉花植物生长有不利影响，并在棉花植物中诱导各种生化和生理反应。 脯氨酸含量和抗氧化酶被认为与保持细胞组分的结构或保护细胞功能相关。 棉花植物对干旱胁迫的反应研究和对干旱耐受机制的研究有助于开发耐旱棉花植物。 在这里，我们描述一个协议调查棉花植物对干旱胁迫的反应，通过测量的生化参数，包括抗氧化酶活性，脯氨酸含量和丙二醛（MDA）含量。
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| Measurement of Inositol Triphosphate Levels from Rat Hippocampal Slices
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Author:
Date:
2016-04-05
[Abstract] Inositol triphosphate (IP3) is an important second messenger that participates in signal transduction pathways in diverse cell types including hippocampal neurons. Stimulation of phospholipase C in response to various stimuli (hormones, growth factors, neurotransmitters, neurotrophins, neuromodulators, odorants, light, etc.) results in hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol 4, 5-bisphosphate (PIP2), a phospholipid that is located in the plasma membrane, and leads to the production of IP3 and diacylglycerol. Binding of IP3 to the IP3 receptor (IP3R) induces Ca2+ release from intracellular stores and enables the initiation of intracellular Ca2+-dependent signaling. Here we describe a procedure for ...
[摘要] 肌醇三磷酸（IP3）是参与信号转导途径的重要的第二信使，包括海马神经元在内的不同细胞类型。 刺激磷脂酶C对各种刺激（激素，生长因子，神经递质，神经营养因子，神经调节剂，气味剂，光等）的反应导致磷脂酰肌醇4,5-二磷酸（PIP2）的水解，磷脂位于质膜 ，并导致IP3和二酰基甘油的生产。 IP3与IP3受体（IP3R）的结合诱导Ca2 +从细胞内储存释放，并使细胞内Ca2 +依赖信号的启动。 在这里，我们描述了从大鼠海马切片制备的组织匀浆中测量细胞IP3水平的程序。
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