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Dipotassium hydrogen phosphate (K2HPO4 )

磷酸氢二钾

Company: Wako Pure Chemical Industries
Catalog#: 164-04295
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Calcium Imaging of Neuronal Activity under Gradually Changing Odor Stimulation in Caenorhabditis elegans
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Date:
2021-01-05
[Abstract]  

Olfactory behavior is among the most fundamental animal behaviors both in the wild and in the laboratory. To elucidate the neural mechanisms underlying olfactory behavior, it is critical to measure neural responses to odorant concentration changes resembling those that animals actually sense during olfactory behavior. However, reproducing the dynamically changing olfactory stimuli to an animal during such measurements of neural activity is technically challenging. Here, we describe technical details and protocols for odor stimulation during calcium imaging of the sensory neurons of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. In this system, the neuronal activity of C. elegans is measured using ratiometric calcium imaging during exposure to quantitatively controlled olfactory stimuli over time.

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[摘要]  [摘要]嗅觉行为是在野外和实验室中最基本的动物行为之一。为了阐明嗅觉行为的神经机制,至关重要的是测量对气味浓度变化的神经反应,类似于动物在嗅觉行为期间实际感知到的变化。然而,在这种神经活动的测量过程中,将动态变化的嗅觉刺激再现给动物是技术上的挑战。在这里,我们描述线虫秀丽隐杆线虫的感觉神经元的钙成像过程中气味刺激的技术细节和协议。在这个系统中,秀丽隐杆线虫的神经元活性 在一段时间内暴露于定量控制的嗅觉刺激过程中,使用比例钙成像法测量钙。根据预先设计的时间气味梯度,可以精确控制动物周围气味浓度的时间变化,从而在行为舞台上的嗅觉行为过程中再现实际的气味浓度变化。通过监视响应于实际嗅觉刺激的神经活动,可以阐明嗅觉输入由神经活动处理并反映在行为输出中的机制。

[背景]嗅觉是一种重要的形态,几乎所有动物物种都使用嗅觉来进行生存和繁殖,并且对嗅觉行为(如信息素反应,先天/学习到的恐惧反应和嗅觉导航)进行了深入研究(Bargmann,2006; Jacobs,2012) ...

Evaluation of the Condition of Respiration and Photosynthesis by Measuring Chlorophyll Fluorescence in Cyanobacteria
Author:
Date:
2018-05-05
[Abstract]  Chlorophyll fluorescence measurements have been widely used to monitor the condition of photosynthesis. Furthermore, chlorophyll fluorescence from cyanobacteria reflects the condition of respiration, since cyanobacterial photosynthesis shares several components of electron transport chain with respiration. This protocol presents the method to monitor the condition of both photosynthesis and respiration in cyanobacteria simply by measuring chlorophyll fluorescence in the dark and in the light with pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) chlorophyll fluorometer. [摘要]  叶绿素荧光测量已被广泛用于监测光合作用的状况。 此外,蓝细菌的叶绿素荧光反映了呼吸的状况,因为蓝藻光合作用与呼吸作用共享电子传递链的几个组成部分。 该协议提供了监测蓝藻光合作用和呼吸作用的方法,只需通过测量黑暗和光照下的叶绿素荧光以及脉冲幅度调制(PAM)叶绿素荧光计。

【背景】叶绿素荧光测量已广泛用于监测许多光合生物体的光合作用条件(Krause和Weis,1991; Govindjee,1995)。在蓝细菌的情况下,光合原核生物,叶绿素荧光不仅受光合作用条件的影响,而且还受其他代谢途径的影响,这是由于细胞内代谢途径之间的可能相互作用。特别是,光合作用和呼吸作用共享电子传递链的几个组成部分,如蓝细菌中的质体醌(PQ)(Aoki and Katoh,1982; Peschek and Schmetterer,1982)。 PQ池的氧化还原状态通过调节状态转变影响叶绿素荧光的产量(Mullineaux和Allen,1986; Mullineaux等人,1997),其是非天然存在的主要组分,蓝藻中的光化学猝灭(Campbell和Öquist,1996)。因此,蓝藻呼吸链直接影响叶绿素荧光,特别是在光合作用不活跃的黑暗中。

由于呼吸的影响,应谨慎测量叶绿素荧光以精确估计蓝藻中的光合作用(Ogawa et ...

Measuring Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Odor Gradient for Small Animals by Gas Chromatography
Author:
Date:
2018-04-05
[Abstract]  Odor is the most fundamental chemical stimulus that delivers information regarding food, mating partners, enemies, and danger in the surrounding environment. Research on odor response in animals is widespread, although studies on experimental systems in which the gradient of odor concentration is quantitatively measured has been quite limited. Here, we describe a method for measuring a gradient of odor concentration established by volatilization and diffusion in a relatively small enclosed space, which has been used widely in laboratories to analyze small model animals such as the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. We first vaporized known amounts of a liquid odorant 2-nonanone in a tank and subjected them to gas chromatographic ... [摘要]  气味是提供关于食物,交配伙伴,敌人和周围环境危险的信息的最基本的化学刺激物。关于动物气味反应的研究很普遍,尽管对定量测量气味浓度梯度的实验系统的研究非常有限。在这里,我们描述了一种测量由相对较小的封闭空间中的挥发和扩散建立的气味浓度梯度的方法,其已经在实验室中被广泛用于分析线虫等线虫和果蝇<果蝇黑腹果蝇。我们首先将已知量的液体加味剂2-壬​​酮蒸发到罐中并进行气相色谱分析以获得校准曲线。然后,我们从琼脂平板上的小孔中吸取少量气相并测量臭味浓度。通过在不同的空间和时间点重复这一点,我们能够检测随时间增加的气味浓度梯度。此外,通过将这些测量值应用于挥发和扩散的数学模型,我们能够可视化在琼脂平板上的气味浓度的估计动态变化。将琼脂平板中的气味浓度变化监测与通过机器视觉进行的行为监测相结合,将使我们能够估计大脑如何计算有关气味浓度变化的信息以调节行为。

【背景】气味是表达食物,生殖伙伴,敌人等在周围环境中存在的最基本的化学刺激物。小型模型动物,如线虫<秀秀隐杆线虫>和果蝇 适合理解大脑对行为,神经活动和分子水平的气味刺激的反应,因为:(1)利用便宜的高分辨率相机可以容易地记录对气味刺激的行为反应; (2)可以用钙成像测量多个神经元/神经元组中的反应,并且(3)负责行为和神经反应的基因可以用各种遗传方法鉴定(De Bono和Maricq,2005; ...

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