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Glutaraldehyde

戊二醛溶液

Company: Sigma-Aldrich
Catalog#: G6257
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Generation of Giant Unilamellar Vesicles (GUVs) Using Polyacrylamide Gels
Author:
Date:
2020-11-05
[Abstract]  Giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) are a widely used model system for a range of applications including membrane biophysics, drug delivery, and the study of actin dynamics. While several protocols have been developed for their generation in recent years, the use of these techniques involving charged lipid types and buffers of physiological ionic strength has not been widely adopted. This protocol describes the generation of large numbers of free-floating GUVs, even for charged lipid types and buffers of higher ionic strength, using a simple approach involving soft polyacrylamide (PAA) gels. This method entails glass cover slip functionalization with (3-Aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane (APTES) and glutaraldehyde to allow for covalent bonding of PAA onto the glass surface. After polymerization ... [摘要]  [摘要]巨型单层囊泡(GUV)是一种广泛使用的模型系统,其应用范围包括膜生物物理学,药物递送以及肌动蛋白动力学研究。虽然一些协议已经为他们这一代人在最近几年已开发,利用这些T的echniques涉及带电脂质的类型和生理离子强度缓冲液一直没有得到广泛的广告Ø PTED。Thi的方案描述了使用包括聚丙烯酰胺(PAA)凝胶的简单方法,即使对于带电荷的脂质类型和更高离子强度的缓冲液,也产生了大量的自由浮动GUV。此方法需要使用(3-氨基丙基)三甲氧基硅烷(APTES)和戊二醛对玻璃盖玻片进行功能化,以允许将PAA共价键合到玻璃表面上。PAA聚合后,将凝胶真空干燥。随后,将选择的脂质均匀地分散在干燥的凝胶表面上,并且可以使用具有不同离子强度的缓冲液来重新水化凝胶并形成GUV。该协议对于在生理条件下生产大量由不同脂质组成的自由浮动GUV而言是可靠的。它可以方便地用常用的实验室试剂进行。


[背景】虽然温和的水化和电铸是两个巨的最常用的方法单层囊泡(GUV)的形成,只有少数研究,报告其使用带电脂质类型和斯坦因的生理离子强度缓冲液(等人。,2017; ...

Fluorescence Titrations to Determine the Binding Affinity of Cyclic Nucleotides to SthK Ion Channels
Author:
Date:
2018-10-05
[Abstract]  The cyclic-nucleotide modulated ion channel family includes cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) and hyperpolarization-activated and cyclic nucleotide-modulated (HCN) channels, which play essential roles in visual and olfactory signaling and the heart pacemaking activity. Functionally, these channels have been extensively characterized by electrophysiological techniques from protein heterologously expressed in Xenopus oocytes and mammalian cells. On the other hand, expression and purification of these proteins for biophysical and structural analyses in vitro is problematic and expensive and, accordingly, only limited information on the purified channels is available in the literature. Here we describe a protocol for binding studies of fluorescently labeled cyclic nucleotides to a ... [摘要]  环核苷酸调节的离子通道家族包括环核苷酸门控(CNG)和超极化激活和环核苷酸调节(HCN)通道,其在视觉和嗅觉信号传导和心脏起搏活动中起重要作用。在功能上,这些通道已经通过来自非洲爪蟾卵母细胞和哺乳动物细胞中异源表达的蛋白质的电生理学技术进行了广泛的表征。另一方面,这些蛋白质的表达和纯化用于体外生物物理和结构分析是有问题且昂贵的,因此,文献中仅提供关于纯化通道的有限信息。在这里,我们描述了用于将荧光标记的环核苷酸与真核CNG通道的同源物结合研究的方案。此外,我们描述了如何在竞争测定中直接探测未标记的环核苷酸的结合。使用荧光作为配体结合的灵敏探针可减少所需蛋白质的量,并使用标准实验室设备进行快速简便的测量。
【背景】了解蛋白质在分子细节中的功能需要广泛的微观表征。对于配体门控离子通道,需要进行不同的分析以获得有关蛋白质与配体的特异性相互作用,配体结合位点和孔隙之间的通信以及通道特异性特征(如离子通量和失活或脱敏)的信息。属性。与对应于各种功能状态的通道构象的结构数据一起,这允许开发通道功能和调节的完整机械描述。环核苷酸门控(CNG)离子通道是四聚体钾通道,由于它们在嗅觉和视觉信号级联中的功能而特别受关注(Kaupp和Seifert,2002; Craven和Zagotta,2006)。然而,在确定的条件下,纯化的CNG通道的数据非常有限,主要来自单分子力谱(Higgins ...

Non-radioactive in vitro PINK1 Kinase Assays Using Ubiquitin or Parkin as Substrate
Author:
Date:
2016-10-05
[Abstract]  This protocol describes the in vitro phosphorylation of ubiquitin and Parkin by the kinase PINK1 using recombinant proteins. Both substrates, ubiquitin and Parkin, are phosphorylated at the conserved serine 65 residue (pS65-ubiquitin and pS65-Parkin). The protocol also includes the use of monomeric and K48- and K63-linked poly-ubiquitin chains as alternative substrates. Although there are commercially available antibodies, we have not tested their performance in this assay since, but used validated antibodies from our laboratory. An alternative antibody-independent method, the use of phos-tag gels to detect pS65-ubiquitin and pS65-Parkin, is described in addition. [摘要]  该协议描述了通过激酶PINK1使用重组蛋白的泛素和帕金蛋白的体外磷酸化。两种底物,泛素和帕金蛋白,在保守的丝氨酸65残基(pS65-泛素和pS65-帕金蛋白)上磷酸化。该方案还包括使用单体和K48和K63连接的聚泛素链作为替代底物。虽然有市售的抗体,我们没有测试他们在这个测定中的性能,因为,但使用我们实验室的验证抗体。另外描述了另一种抗体非依赖性方法,使用phos-标记凝胶检测pS65-泛素和pS65-帕金。

[背景] 在细胞中, PINK1是稳定和激活的线粒体膜去极化和其他形式的应力,导致线粒体损伤。活化的PINK1磷酸化泛素,其作为线粒体表面上胞质E3泛素连接酶Parkin的受体。 Parkin对PINK1的磷酸化是Parkin对线粒体底物的完全活性所必需的。活性pS65-Parkin的存在在前馈机制中扩增了作为线粒体标记的线粒体上的pS65-泛素的量。最终,受损的线粒体被自噬噬菌体衔接子识别,并将被蛋白酶体和自噬(mitophagy)降解。这种关键的线粒体质量控制通路促进线粒体的周转,并防止可导致细胞变性的功能障碍线粒体的积累。 PINK1或Parkin中的功能缺失突变与早发性帕金森病相关。
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