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MgSO4

硫酸镁

Company: Sigma-Aldrich
Catalog#: M7506
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Generation of Caenorhabditis elegans Transgenic Animals by DNA Microinjection
Author:
Date:
2017-10-05
[Abstract]  Microinjection is the most frequently used tool for genetic transformation of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, facilitating the transgenic expression of genes, genome editing by the clustered regularly interspersed short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9 system, or transcription of dsRNA for RNA intereference (RNAi). Exogenous DNA is delivered into the developing oocytes in the germline of adult hermaphrodites, which then generate transgenic animals among their offspring. In this protocol, we describe the microinjection procedure and the subsequent selection of transgenic progeny. [摘要]  显微注射是线虫秀丽隐杆线虫遗传转化中最常用的工具,促进基因的转基因表达,通过聚集的定期散布的短回文重复序列(CRISPR)-Cas9系统的基因组编辑或转录 dsRNA用于RNA干扰(RNAi)。 外源DNA被递送到成年雌雄同株的种系中的发育中的卵母细胞中,然后在它们的后代中产生转基因动物。 在该方案中,我们描述了显微注射程序和随后的转基因后代选择。
【背景】在C.通过显微注射的DNA转化通常用于产生过表达或异位表达可以与标签(例如,绿色荧光蛋白[GFP])融合的基因的转基因动物,允许突变体的表型拯救和/或蛋白质的定位和功能的分析(Carter等人,1990; Chalfie等人,1994; Mello和Fire,1995)。聚集的定期散布的短回文重复(CRISPR)-Cas9系统的出现需要显微注射以通过引入点突变或插入/缺失突变来实现高度特异性的基因组编辑(概述于Dickinson和Goldstein,2016)。此外,该技术被应用于dsRNA的可诱导和/或组织特异性转录以便于遗传性RNA干扰(RNAi)(Tavernarakis等人,2000) ...

Snapshots of the Signaling Complex DesK:DesR in Different Functional States Using Rational Mutagenesis and X-ray Crystallography
Author:
Date:
2017-08-20
[Abstract]  We have developed protocols to generate site-specific variants of the histidine-kinase DesK and its cognate response regulator DesR, conducive to trapping different signaling states of the proteins. Co-expression of both partners in E. coli, ensuring an excess of the regulator, was essential for soluble production of the DesK:DesR complexes and further purification. The 3D structures of the complex trapped in the phosphotransferase and in the phosphatase reaction steps, were solved by X-ray crystallography using molecular replacement. The solution was not trivial, and we found that in silico-generated models used as search probes, were instrumental to succeeding in placing a large portion of the complex in the asymmetric unit. Electron density maps were then clear enough ... [摘要]  我们已经开发了产生组氨酸激酶DesK及其同源反应调节物DesR的位点特异性变体的方案,有助于捕获蛋白质的不同信号状态。两个合作伙伴在大肠杆菌中的共表达,确保调节剂过量,对于DesK:DesR复合物的可溶性生产和进一步纯化是至关重要的。通过使用分子置换的X射线晶体学解决了捕获在磷酸转移酶和磷酸酶反应步骤中的复合物的3D结构。该解决方案不是微不足道的,我们发现在用作搜索探针的硅片生成的模型中,有助于将大部分复合物放置在不对称单元中。电子密度图就足够清楚了,可以进行人工建模,获得完整的原子模型。这些方法有助于解决细菌信号领域的主要挑战,即获得稳定的激酶:调节复合物,具有不同的构象状态,适用于高分辨率晶体学研究。
【背景】关于细菌信号复合物,特别是双组分系统(TCS)的结构信息仍然很少(Casino et al。,2009; Gao and Stock,2009)。 TCS包含几乎所有细菌中的感觉组氨酸激酶(HK)和响应调节剂(RR)配偶体,它们允许细胞感知环境并通过适应性反应相应地反应。尽管在信号传输中这种切换机制的重要性(Trajtenberg等,2016),结构信息对于采用不同功能状态的TCS复合体甚至更为有限。我们研究了DesK-DesR途径(de Mendoza,2014),一种来自枯草芽孢杆菌的TCS,其参与调节细胞膜组成以适应降低双层流动性的线索,如冷休克。 ...

Aldicarb-induced Paralysis Assay to Determine Defects in Synaptic Transmission in Caenorhabditis elegans
Author:
Date:
2017-07-20
[Abstract]  Aldicarb treatment causes an accumulation of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft of the neuromuscular junction, resulting in sustained muscle activation and eventually paralysis. Aldicarb-induced paralysis assay is an easy and fast method to determine whether synaptic transmission of a C. elegans mutant of interest is altered. This assay is based on the correlation of the rate of neurotransmitter release with the rate of paralysis. In this protocol, we describe a method for simultaneously assessing the aldicarb sensitivity of animals with different genotypes. [摘要]  涕灭威的治疗导致神经肌肉接头突触裂缝中的乙酰胆碱积聚,导致持续的肌肉活化并最终导致麻痹。 涕灭威诱导的麻痹测定是确定是否突触传播的一种简单且快速的方法。 线虫兴趣突变体被改变。 该测定是基于神经递质释放速率与麻痹率的相关性。 在该方案中,我们描述了同时评估具有不同基因型的动物的涕灭威敏感性的方法。
【背景】突触传递通过动作电位到达突触前末端而开始,这又导致神经递质的释放。释放的神经递质结合并激活突触后受体(Sudhof,2013)。 ℃。线虫运动由乙酰胆碱释放兴奋性运动神经元和GABA(γ-氨基丁酸)释放抑制运动神经元控制(Richmond和Jorgensen,1999; ...

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