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Ethanol

乙醇

Company: Sigma-Aldrich
Catalog#: 24103
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Quantification of Salicylic Acid (SA) and SA-glucosides in Arabidopsis thaliana
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Date:
2018-05-20
[Abstract]  Homeostasis between the cytoplasmic plant hormone salicylic acid (SA) and its’ inactive, vacuolar storage forms, SA-2-O-β-D-glucoside (SAG) and SA-β-D-Glucose Ester (SGE), regulates the fine-tuning of defense responses to biotrophic pathogens in Arabidopsis thaliana. This protocol describes a simplified, optimized procedure to extract and quantify free SA and total hydrolyzable SA in plant tissues using a classical HPLC-based method. [摘要]  细胞质植物激素水杨酸(SA)与其无活性的液泡形式,SA-2-葡萄糖苷(SAG)和SA-β-D-葡萄糖酯之间的稳态 (SGE)规定了拟南芥中对营养性病原体防御反应的微调。 该协议描述了一种简化的优化程序,使用传统的基于HPLC的方法提取和定量植物组织中的游离SA和总可水解SA。

【背景】SA(2-羟基苯甲酸)是植物激素,其在叶绿体中响应于病原体攻击而合成。然后输出到细胞质中,在细胞质中建立局部和系统获得性抗性(SAR)。在广义方案中,植物对生物营养性病原体的抗性被认为是通过SA信号传导介导的,而对于坏死性病原体的抗性受茉莉酸(JA)和乙烯(ET)控制。 SA和JA / ET信号通路相互作用。 SA积累到高浓度是有毒的并导致细胞和组织损伤。因此,大多数病原体诱导的SA被UDP-葡糖基转移酶(UGT)糖基化以形成亲水的,无毒的SAG和SGE(Noutoshi等人,2012; George Thompson等人, 2017)。然后将SAG和SGE隔离在液泡中,在那里它们形成水解成活性SA的可重复使用的来源。因此,植物组织中增加的总SA(SA + SAG / ...

Adhesion Assay for Murine Bone Marrow Hematopoietic Stem Cells
Author:
Date:
2017-02-20
[Abstract]  Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are defined by their functional abilities to self-renew and to give rise to all mature blood and immune cell types throughout life. Most HSCs are retained in a non-motile quiescent state within a specialized protective microenvironment in the bone marrow (BM) termed the niche. HSCs are typically distinguished from other adult stem cells by their motility capacity. Movement of HSCs across the physical barrier of the marrow extracellular matrix and blood vessel endothelial cells is facilitated by suppression of adhesion interactions, which are essential to preserve the stem cells retained within their BM niches. Importantly, homing of HSCs to the BM following clinical transplantation is a crucial first step for the repopulation of ablated BM as in the case of ... [摘要]  造血干细胞(HSC)由其自我更新的功能定义,并在整个生命中产生所有成熟的血液和免疫细胞类型。大多数HSC在被称为利基的骨髓(BM)的专门的保护性微环境内保持在非运动性静止状态。 HSC通常通过其运动能力与其他成体干细胞区分开来。通过抑制粘附相互作用促进骨髓细胞外基质和血管内皮细胞的物理屏障的移动,这是保留在其BM细胞壁内保留的干细胞所必需的。重要的是,在临床移植后将HSC归巢到BM是重建消融BM的关键的第一步,就像血液恶性肿瘤治疗策略一样。归位过程结束于HSC的选择性访问和锚定到其在BM内的专门的位置。粘附分子是在干细胞移植的情况下增强归巢或减少BM保留以从匹配供体的血液中收集动员的HSC的靶标。在HSC上功能表达并参与其归巢和保留的主要粘附蛋白是整合素α4β1(非常晚的抗原-4; VLA4)。在该方案中,我们引入了针对表达VLA4的鼠骨髓干细胞优化的粘附测定。该测定法在分离表达VLA4的贴壁细胞后,通过流式细胞术与HSC富集细胞表面标记物定量粘附的HSC。

背景 HSCs主要保留在BM中,并通过与其微环境(niche)的粘合相互作用来调节。以这种方式,HSC保持在非运动性静止状态,保护它们免受DNA损伤代理(Boulais和Frenette,2015; Mendelson和Frenette,2014; ...

Substituted Cysteine Accessibility Method for Topology and Activity Studies of Membrane Enzymes Forming Thioester Acyl Intermediates in Bacteria
Author:
Date:
2015-11-05
[Abstract]  The topology of membrane proteins and enzymes can be determined using various methods including reporter protein fusions and accessibility of cysteine residues to alkylating agents. Here we describe a variation of the substituted cysteine accessibility method to determine membrane topology and activity of enzymes containing an active site cysteine. Membrane topology of proteins can be predicted using different programs and the actual membrane topology can be determined by monitoring the accessibility of cysteine residues introduced in periplasmic (exposed) or cytoplasmic (not exposed) loops to alkylating agents. A two-step protocol is described where whole Escherichia coli (E. coli) cells are first treated with or without a membrane impermeable thiol reagent ... [摘要]  膜蛋白和酶的拓扑学可以使用各种方法确定,包括报告蛋白融合和半胱氨酸残基对烷化剂的可达性。在这里,我们描述了取代的半胱氨酸可接近性方法的变化,以确定膜拓扑和含有活性位点半胱氨酸的酶的活性。可以使用不同的程序预测蛋白质的膜拓扑,并且可以通过监测在周质(暴露的)或细胞质(未暴露的)环中引入的半胱氨酸残基对烷化剂的可及性来确定实际的膜拓扑。描述了两步方案,其中首先用或不用膜不可渗透的硫醇试剂(2-磺酸基乙基) - 甲烷硫代磺酸盐处理整个大肠杆菌(大肠杆菌)细胞(MTSES)并随后用烷基化试剂马来酰亚胺聚乙二醇(malPEG)标记。当半胱氨酸残基可接近MTSES并且因此暴露于周质(或可从周质接近)时,它们的游离硫醇基团与MTSES共价反应,并因此被malPEG封闭以进行烷基化。胞质或膜嵌入的半胱氨酸残基的硫醇基团不能到达MTSES,并且蛋白质可以用malPEG烷基化,导致5kDa的分子量增加。在方案的第二部分中,半胱氨酸残基的可及性用于解决形成稳定的硫酯酰基中间体的酶的酰化状态。硫酯可以被中性羟胺特异性切割,导致活性位点半胱氨酸的游离巯基,然后可以用malPEG烷基化。

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