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5% acetic anhydride

乙酸酐

Company: Sigma-Aldrich
Catalog#: 320102
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A Potent Vaccine Delivery System
Author:
Date:
2021-04-05
[Abstract]  

Most vaccines require co-delivery of an adjuvant in order to generate the desired immune responses. However, many currently available adjuvants are non-biodegradable, have limited efficacy, and/or poor safety profile. Thus, new adjuvants, or self-adjuvanting vaccine delivery systems, are required. Here, we proposed a self-adjuvanting delivery system that is fully defined, biodegradable, and non-toxic. The system is produced by conjugation of polyleucine to peptide antigen, followed by self-assembly of the conjugate into nanoparticles. The protocol includes solid-phase peptide synthesis of the vaccine conjugate, purification, self-assembly and physicochemical characterization of the product. Overall, this protocol describes, in detail, the production of a well-defined and effective

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[摘要]  [摘要]大多数疫苗需要共同递送佐剂,以产生所需的免疫应答。但是,许多当前可用的佐剂是不可生物降解的,功效有限,和/或安全性较差。因此,需要新的佐剂或自佐剂疫苗递送系统。在这里,我们提出了一种完全定义,可生物降解且无毒的自佐剂递送系统。该系统是通过将多亮氨酸与肽抗原缀合,然后将缀合物自组装成纳米颗粒而产生的。该方案包括疫苗结合物的固相肽合成,产物的纯化,自组装和理化表征。总体而言,该协议详细描述了针对肽抗原的定义明确且有效的自佐剂递送系统的生产,以及疑难解答的技巧。


[背景]肽亚基疫苗使用小抗原片段(表位)来引发针对传染病的保护性免疫反应,是近几十年来出现的最有希望的疫苗技术之一(Skwarczynski和Toth ,2016; Malonis等, 2020)。但是,由于肽本身总是很差 由于它们具有免疫原性,因此需要与佐剂(免疫刺激剂)和/或递送系统共同给药(Azmi等人,2014; Nevagi等人,2018)。当前,当涉及足以安全地施用于人类的佐剂时,仅存在几种选择。尽管有更多选择,但实验性佐剂的定义往往不明确,有毒或功效有限(Shi等人,2019)。开发来提供疫苗的最新策略之一是利用具有自佐剂特性的纳米结构(Skwarczynski和Toth,2014年)。特别是自组装聚合物已被广泛研究(Zhao等人,2017; Nevagi等人,2019 ...

Detecting Spaciotemporal Transcript Accumulation in Maize by RNA In Situ Hybridization
Author:
Date:
2021-02-20
[Abstract]  RNA in situ hybridization is a method for visualizing spatiotemporal transcript accumulation in cells and tissues. The method provides clear resolution, is highly sensitive and specific, and can uncover gradients of transcript accumulation within a histologically-intact tissue, which is not possible currently with other methods for transcript detection. RNA in situ hybridization, however, is not a quantitative approach for gene expression. Protocols for RNA in situ hybridization have numerous steps that can span several days of work, complicating troubleshooting procedures. Here, we build on previously published RNA in situ hybridization protocols optimized for paraffin-embedded and sectioned maize tissue (Jackson, 1991; Long et al., 1996 ; ... [摘要]  [摘要] RNA原位杂交是一种可视化时空转录本在细胞和组织中积累的方法。该方法提供清晰的分辨率,高度灵敏和特异,并且可以揭示组织完整的组织内转录物积累的梯度,这是当前其他方法无法检测到转录物的方法。然而,RNA原位杂交不是用于基因表达的定量方法。RNA原位杂交的协议有许多步骤,可能需要花费数天的时间,从而使故障排除过程变得更加复杂。在这里,我们基于先前发布的RNA原位构建 杂交方案针对石蜡包埋和切片的玉米组织进行了优化(Jackson,1991; Long等,1996;Javelle等,2011),它提供了优化转录本检测的其他措施。


图形摘要:


RNA原位杂交的工作流程



[背景技术]在时间和空间差异基因表达允许具有相同的遗传物质的细胞呈现不同的身份。确实,基因表达的这种变化通常负责驱动整个生物体中模式或形态的进化变化(Carroll,2005)。因此,通过观察组织内天然背景下的基因表达,可以增强对发育过程的见识。诸如RT-qPCR和RNA- ...

Purification of a Protein Exhibiting Isoleucine 2-epimerase Activity from Lactobacillus otakiensis JCM 15040
Author:
Date:
2015-10-20
[Abstract]  Prominent accumulation of D-leucine, D-allo-isoleucine and D-valine was observed in the culture medium of the heterofermentative bacterial species, Lactobacillus otakiensis (L. otakiensis) JCM 15040. The racemase enzyme that resulted in this accumulation, isoleucine 2-epimerase, was purified from the bacterial cells. This is the first reported observation of such production of D-branched chain amino acids in lactic acid bacteria, and the first example of a racemase with isoleucine 2-epimerase activity in any organisms. In the described protocol, we introduce methods for purification of this protein from L. otakiensis JCM 15040. Because no specific ligand that has high affinity for this enzyme has been identified, the purification was performed using ... [摘要]  在异质发酵细菌物种,例如otakiensis的乳酸杆菌(Lactobacillus otakiensis)的培养基中观察到D-亮氨酸,D-异亮氨酸 - 异亮氨酸和D-缬氨酸的显着积累。 otakiensis)JCM 15040.从细菌细胞中纯化导致这种积累的消旋酶,异亮氨酸2-差向异构酶。这是首次报道的在乳酸菌中这种D-支链氨基酸的产生的观察结果,以及在任何生物体中具有异亮氨酸2-差向异构酶活性的消旋酶的第一个实例。在所述的方案中,我们介绍从L中纯化该蛋白质的方法。因为没有鉴定到对该酶具有高亲和力的特异性配体,所以使用硫酸铵级分,四种类型的柱层析和制备型Native-PAGE,不使用亲和柱层析进行纯化。我们希望协议将提供有用的信息用于纯化不能容易地使用亲和柱层析纯化的酶。

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