| Optogenetic Tuning of Protein-protein Binding in Bilayers Using LOVTRAP
|
|
Author:
Date:
2020-09-05
[Abstract] Modern microscopy methods are powerful tools for studying live cell signaling and biochemical reactions, enabling us to observe when and where these reactions take place from the level of a cell down to single molecules. With microscopy, each cell or molecule can be observed both before and after a given perturbation, facilitating better inference of cause and effect than is possible with destructive modes of signaling quantitation. As many inputs to cell signaling and biochemical systems originate as protein-protein interactions near the cell membrane, an outstanding challenge lies in controlling the timing, location and the magnitude of protein-protein interactions in these unique environments. Here, we detail our procedure for manipulating such spatial and temporal protein-protein ...
[摘要] [摘要] 现代显微镜方法是研究活细胞信号转导和生化反应的强大工具，使我们能够观察这些反应的时间和位置，从细胞水平到单个分子。利用显微镜，可以在给定的扰动之前和之后观察每个细胞或分子，比起破坏性的信号定量方法，可以更好地推断因果关系。由于细胞信号传导和生化系统的许多输入源于细胞膜附近的蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用，因此一个巨大的挑战在于控制时间，位置 以及这些独特环境中蛋白质与蛋白质相互作用的程度。在这里，我们详细介绍了在封闭的显微镜系统中使用这种基于时空的蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用系统，在支持的脂质双分子层上使用基于LOVTRAP的光反应性蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用系统的程序。系统可以在几秒钟内做出响应，并且可以将细节图案化到1微米级别。我们使用了该技术来解锁T细胞信号传导的基本方面，并且该方法可推广到许多其他细胞信号传导和生化环境。
背景技术细胞信号传导和细胞生物学中的问题通常集中在细胞如何感知和响应其环境上。进行这些细胞决定的信号级联反应包含的蛋白质可以在几秒钟到几分钟的时间内将纳米级移动到微米级。某些常用方法，例如蛋白质印迹，qPCR ...
|
|
|
| Integration of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (hiPSC)-Derived Neurons into Rat Brain
|
|
Author:
Date:
2020-09-05
[Abstract] Human neuron transplantation offers novel opportunities for modeling human neurologic diseases and potentially replacement therapies. However, the complex structure of the human cerebral cortex, which is organized in six layers with tightly interconnected excitatory and inhibitory neuronal networks, presents significant challenges for in vivo transplantation techniques to obtain a balanced, functional and homeostatically stable neuronal network. Here, we present a protocol to introduce human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived neural progenitors to rat brains. Using this approach, hiPSC-derived neurons structurally integrate into the rat forebrain, exhibit electrophysiological characteristics, including firing, excitatory and inhibitory synaptic activity, and establish ...
[摘要] [摘要] 人类神经元移植为建模人类神经系统疾病和潜在的替代疗法提供了新的机会。然而，人脑皮层的复杂结构分为六层，具有紧密互连的兴奋性和抑制性神经元网络，这对体内移植技术获得平衡，功能稳定和稳态稳定的神经元网络提出了重大挑战。在这里，我们提出了一项协议，将人类诱导的多能干细胞（hiPSC ）衍生的神经祖细胞引入大鼠脑。使用这种方法，hiPSC 衍生的神经元在结构上整合到大鼠前脑中，表现出电生理特性，包括放电，兴奋性和抑制性突触活性，并与宿主电路建立神经元连通性。
[背景] 人类大脑皮层是一个复杂的细胞镶嵌体，在不同的皮质层（I-VI）中包含多样化的神经元亚型，可建立轴突输出和树突状输入的特定模式，提供了皮质电路的基本底物（Rakic，2009; Lodato 等等人，2011； Lui 等人，2011）。特别地，兴奋性和抑制性神经传递的平衡对于适当的脑功能是必需的（Turrigiano和Nelson，2004）。人类诱导的多能干细胞（hiPSC ）可以在人类遗传背景下对人类神经系统疾病进行建模（Dolmetsch和Geschwind，2011； Brennand 等，2015； Vera和Studer，2015）。建立体外系统以将hiPSCs ...
|
|
|
| Metabolomic and Lipidomic Analysis of Bone Marrow Derived Macrophages
|
|
Author:
Date:
2020-07-20
[Abstract] Macrophages are highly plastic immune cells that are capable of adopting a wide array of functional phenotypes in response to environmental stimuli. The changes in macrophage function are often supported and regulated by changes in cellular metabolism. Capturing a comprehensive picture of metabolism is vital for understanding the role of metabolic rewiring in the immune response. Here we present a method for systematically quantifying the abundance of metabolites and lipids in primary murine bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDMs). This method simultaneously extracts polar metabolites and lipids from BMDMs using a rapid two-phase extraction procedure. The polar metabolite fraction and lipid fraction are subsequently analyzed by separate liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) ...
[摘要] [摘要] 巨噬细胞是高度可塑性的免疫细胞，能够对环境刺激产生广泛的功能表型。巨噬细胞功能的改变通常受到细胞代谢的支持和调节。获取新陈代谢的全面图像对于理解代谢重组在免疫反应中的作用至关重要。本文提出了一种系统定量测定小鼠骨髓源性巨噬细胞（BMDMs）中代谢物和脂质丰度的方法。该方法采用快速两相萃取法同时从BMDMs中提取极性代谢物和脂质。极性代谢物部分和脂质部分随后通过单独的液相色谱-质谱（LC-MS）方法进行分析，以优化覆盖率和定量。这使得对细胞代谢的全面表征可以用来理解各种环境刺激对巨噬细胞代谢和功能的影响。
[背景] 巨噬细胞是先天性免疫系统的细胞，在局部微环境中对信号作出反应时，可采用多种功能表型。巨噬细胞的激活与细胞代谢的特定重编程相结合并高度依赖（Tannahill et al.，2013；Galván-Peña and O'Neill，2014；Jha et al.，2015；Kelly and O'Neill，2015；Cordes et al.，2016；Mills and O'Neill 2016；等人；Mills et al.，2016；Liu et al.，2013；Lampropoulou et al.，2016；Van den ...
|
|
|