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L-Tyrosine

L-酪氨酸

Company: Sigma-Aldrich
Catalog#: T3754
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Markerless Gene Editing in the Hyperthermophilic Archaeon Thermococcus kodakarensis
Author:
Date:
2017-11-20
[Abstract]  The advent of single cell genomics and the continued use of metagenomic profiling in diverse environments has exponentially increased the known diversity of life. The recovered and assembled genomes predict physiology, consortium interactions and gene function, but experimental validation of metabolisms and molecular pathways requires more directed approaches. Gene function–and the correlation between phenotype and genotype is most obviously studied with genetics, and it is therefore critical to develop techniques permitting rapid and facile strain construction. Many new and candidate archaeal lineages have recently been discovered, but experimental, genetic access to archaeal genomes is currently limited to a few model organisms. The results obtained from manipulating the genomes of ... [摘要]  单细胞基因组学的出现以及在不同环境中宏基因组分析的持续使用已经成倍地增加了已知的生命多样性。恢复和组装的基因组预测生理,财团相互作用和基因功能,但代谢和分子途径的实验验证需要更直接的方法。基因功能 - 表型和基因型之间的相关性用遗传学得到最明显的研究,因此开发允许快速和容易地构建应变的技术是至关重要的。最近已经发现了许多新的和候选的古细菌谱系,但是对古细菌基因组的实验性,遗传途径目前仅限于一些模式生物。操纵这些基因可获得的生物的基因组所获得的结果已经对我们对古菌生理和信息处理系统的理解产生了深远的影响,这些持续的研究也有助于解决生命树的系统发育重建。超嗜热,浮游,海洋异养古细菌Thermococcus kodakarensis已经成为理想的遗传系统,其具有一系列可用于增加或减少编码活性的技术或修饰基因在体内的表达 。我们在这里概述一些技术,可以快速,无标记地删除单个,或者重复删除几个连续的从 T的序列。 kodakarensis 基因组。我们的程序包括构建转化所必需的质粒DNA的细节,所述质粒DNA通过同源重组指导整合到基因组中,鉴定已经整合了质粒序列的菌株(称为中间菌株)和确认质粒切除,导致最终菌株中的目标基因。可以使用几乎相同的程序来修饰而不是删除基因组基因座。

【背景】古细菌常常在看起来荒凉和迅速变化的环境中繁衍生息。古菌基因组的分析揭示了大量的代谢策略,预测了复杂和高度相互依赖的基因表达的调控网络,并揭示了许多基因,其蛋白质和日益稳定的RNA产物缺乏确定的功能。通过遗传操作挑战现有的和定义新的途径的能力已经辅助了古细菌生理学和信息处理系统的去卷积,并且最近开放了古细菌物种到合成和系统级的方法来定义细胞内和细胞间网络。 ...

Method for Multiplexing CRISPR/Cas9 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Using Artificial Target DNA Sequences
Author:
Date:
2017-09-20
[Abstract]  Genome manipulation has become more accessible given the advent of the CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) editing technology. The Cas9 endonuclease binds a single stranded (single guide) RNA (sgRNA) fragment that recruits the complex to a corresponding genomic target sequence where it induces a double stranded break. Eukaryotic repair systems allow for the introduction of exogenous DNA, repair of existing mutations, or deletion of endogenous gene products. Targeting of Cas9 to multiple genomic positions (termed ‘multiplexing’) is achieved by the expression of multiple sgRNAs within the same nucleus. However, an ongoing concern of the CRISPR field has been the accidental targeting of Cas9 to alternative (‘off-target’) DNA locations within a genome. We ... [摘要]  鉴于CRISPR(集群定期间隔短回归重复)编辑技术的出现,基因组操纵变得更加易于使用。 Cas9核酸内切酶将募集复合物的单链(单向导)RNA(sgRNA)片段结合到相应的基因组靶序列,引发双链断裂。真核修复系统允许引入外源DNA,修复现有突变或内源基因产物的缺失。通过在同一核内表达多个sgRNA来实现Cas9对多个基因组位置的定位(称为“多重”)。然而,CRISPR领域的持续关注是将Cas9意外地定位到基因组内的替代(“脱靶”)DNA位置。我们将安装的人造Cas9靶序列的使用(称为人造基因座上的Cas9复制)描述为允许(i)与单个sgRNA复用的酵母基因组中的用途; (ii)减少/消除可能的脱靶效应,以及(iii)精确控制预定目标序列的放置。
【背景】CRISPR(集群定期间隔回归重复)机制已经在原核生物中演变为具有很高精度编辑任何基因组的能力的原始适应性免疫系统(Jinek等,2012; Sorek等,2013)。这种生物技术需要使用来自化脓性链球菌(或othologous物种)的内切核酸酶(Cas9),单个RNA'引导'序列和外源供体DNA(如果需要)。仅在短短几年内,CRISPR / ...

Determination of (p)ppGpp Levels During Stringent Response in Streptomyces coelicolor by Thin Layer Chromatography
Author:
Date:
2016-11-05
[Abstract]  The stringent response in bacteria is a stress response that is mediated by the signaling molecules guanosine tetraphosphate and pentaphosphate [(p)ppGpp], alarmones that are also directly related to virulence. Therefore, determination of (p)ppGpp levels is crucial for studying the stringent response. The protocol here outlines in a step-wise manner the detection of (p)ppGpp in the bacterium Streptomyces coelicolor during stringent response (Strauch et al., 1991) by thin layer chromatography (TLC). In the example shown here, stringent response is induced by addition of serine hydroxamate, an inhibitor of seryl tRNA synthetase. This protocol was first published in Molecular Microbiology (Sivapragasam and Grove, 2016). [摘要]  细菌中的严格反应是由信号分子鸟苷四磷酸和五磷酸[(p)ppGpp]介导的应激反应,它们也与毒力直接相关。因此,(p)ppGpp水平的确定对于研究严格反应至关重要。这里的方案以分步方式概述在严格反应期间细菌链霉菌(Streptomyces coelicolor)中(p)ppGpp的检测(Strauch等人,1991),通过薄层色谱(TLC)。在本文所示的实施例中,通过添加丝氨酸氧肟酸盐(丝氨酸tRNA合成酶的抑制剂)诱导严格反应。该方案首次发表于Molecular Microbiology(Sivapragasam and Grove,2016)。

[背景] 薄层色谱法用于在严格反应期间分析(p)ppGpp水平在各种细菌菌种中长时间使用,并且它是用于该目的的普遍接受的方法。然而,以前发布的协议仅仅总结了主要概念,并且确定包括该过程的每个步骤的综合协议是具有挑战性的。我们在这里提出已经优化用于研究在严格的反应的详细协议。 coelicolor 。处理 S唯一的步骤。天蓝色文化已经被鉴定,并且因此方案可以容易地适应于其他细菌物种。该方法依赖于使用并入作为强碱性阴离子交换剂的聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)的TLC板。因此,PEI是用于分离离子化合物如磷酸化核苷的选择的基质(Calderón-Flores等人,2005; Mechold等人,2013; Strauch ...

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