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Citric acid monohydrate

柠檬酸一水合物

Company: Sigma-Aldrich
Catalog#: 33114
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Cytohistological Analyses of Mega-sporogenesis and Gametogenesis in Ovules of Limonium spp.
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Date:
2016-11-05
[Abstract]  Limonium spp. are known to have sexual and apomixis (asexual reproduction through seeds) reproductive modes. Here, we present dissection protocol developed for ovules of Limonium spp. using differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy. This protocol permits better handling of ovules and offers certain advantages over earlier techniques particularly in larger ovules. This method also enables observation of meiosis and embryo sac development in intact ovules, and the ready detection of events distinguishing sexual and apomictic development. [摘要]   Limonium 已知有性和无融合生殖(通过种子的无性繁殖)繁殖模式。在这里,我们提出解剖协议为胚珠的发芽。使用微分干涉对比(DIC)显微镜。该协议允许更好地处理胚珠,并提供优于早期技术,特别是在较大胚珠的某些优势。这种方法还能够观察到完整胚珠中的减数分裂和胚囊发育,以及容易检测到区别性和无序性发育的事件。

[背景] 发生在胚珠发育期间,有必要细胞学检查胚珠。这项研究可以涉及显微镜观察石蜡或树脂包埋,切片材料或清除的器官。在D'Amato(1940; 1949)的先驱作品中公开了对性和无融合生殖物种中胚珠和胚囊发育的第一次细胞学研究。在这些作品中,花使用Karpechenko的方法固定,包埋在石蜡中,切片并用Heidenhain的铁苏木精染色,其染色质和染色体在细胞核中染色。使用这些方法的花芽切片可导致由于单个细胞的部分破坏结构完整性而具有差质量的制备物。更容易的选择是清除福尔马林:乙酸:乙醇固定的器官并用纯的Mayer's hemalum染色(Wallis,1957; Stelly等人,1984)。这种技术需要少得多的时间和劳动,特别是对于通常在卵巢中形成小胚珠的物种,这是 Limonium ...

Determination of the Developmental Origin of Seeds Containing Endosperm Using Flow Cytometric Analysis
Author:
Date:
2015-06-05
[Abstract]  Seeds derived from a diploid, sexual plant typically contain a 2n embryo (n+n) and 3n endosperm, a ratio characteristic for most flowering plants. However, this ratio is altered in apomictic species, which reproduce asexually through seeds (Koltunow and Grossniklaus, 2003). Apomixis is usually a facultative trait and encompasses several developmental steps: (1) apomeiosis (avoidance of meiosis), (2) parthenogenesis (embryo development without fertilization), and (3) functional endosperm formation (autonomous without fertilization or pseudogamous requiring fertilization). If all three steps occur, this process results in maternal offspring (2n+0), which is genetically identical to the mother plant (clonal). Moreover, sexual and apomictic pathways can occur in the same plant and sometimes ... [摘要]  源自二倍体,有性植物的种子通常含有2n胚胎(n + n)和3n胚乳,这是大多数开花植物的比率特征。然而,这种比例在无性生殖物种中改变,其通过种子无性繁殖(Koltunow和Grossniklaus,2003)。单性生殖通常是兼性性状,包括几个发育步骤:(1)蚜虫病(避免减数分裂),(2)孤雌生殖(没有受精的胚发育)和(3)功能性胚乳形成(无需受精的自主性或需要受精的假性乳房)。如果发生所有三个步骤,该过程导致母体后代(2n + 0),其与母本植物(克隆)在遗传上相同。此外,性和无融合途径可以在同一植物中发生,并且有时它们交叉,产生多倍体倍生(n + 0;由减数分裂和孤雌生殖产生)或BIII杂种(2n + n;由蚜虫和受精产生)(Rutishauser,1947 )。可以在流式细胞计数种子筛选(FCSS)中测定不同类型的后代,其中染色的核的相对染色质含量通过测量它们的荧光强度来确定。这允许将胚乳的倍性与胚胎的倍性进行比较,并且因此推断形成种子的途径(Matzk等人,2000)。这种方法特别用于表征无形生殖植物中的种子或有性生殖的繁殖突变体的发育起源。
这里,我们提出了在十字花科中的FCSS的方案,植物的 Boechera 。然而,原则上,该方案可以应用于产生含有胚乳的种子的任何物种。

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