| Differentiation of Naturally Produced Extracellular Membrane Vesicles from Lipid Aggregation by Glucuronoxylomannan Immunogold Transmission Electron Microscopy in Bacillus subtilis
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Author:
Date:
2015-03-05
[Abstract] Recently, membrane vesicle (MV) production was described in Gram-positive bacteria, which harbor a variety of components such as toxins, antibiotic resistance proteins, proteases, DNA, and immune modulators. Free lipids have the ability to form micelles, thus it is important to rule out spontaneous association of lipids into vesicle-like structures and rather, that MVs are produced naturally by a metabolically active cell. Here, we describe a protocol utilizing the polysaccharide, glucuronoxylomannan (GXM) from Cryptococcus neoformans (C. neoformans) as a marker to differentiate naturally produced MVs from vesicles that form spontaneously in the Gram-positive model organism, Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis). MVs are purified from bacterial cultures grown ...
[摘要] 最近，在革兰氏阳性细菌中描述了膜囊泡（MV）产生，其含有多种组分，例如毒素，抗生素抗性蛋白，蛋白酶，DNA和免疫调节剂。游离脂质具有形成胶束的能力，因此排除脂质自发缔合成囊泡样结构是重要的，并且更确切地说，MV由代谢活性细胞天然产生。在这里，我们描述了利用来自新隐孢子虫的多糖葡萄糖醛酸甘露聚糖（GXM）（ C。新型隐球菌）作为标记物来区分天然产生的MV与自发形成的囊泡革兰氏阳性模式生物，枯草芽孢杆菌（<枯草芽孢杆菌）。从在GXM存在下生长的细菌培养物中纯化MV;由细胞天然产生的MV在管腔中不含有GXM，而在培养基中形成的囊泡结构可包封GXM，并且这可通过免疫金属透射电子显微镜可视化。
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| Transmission Electron Microscopy for Tobacco Chloroplast Ultrastructure
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Author:
Date:
2015-02-20
[Abstract] The chloroplast is the site of photosynthesis that enabled and sustains aerobic life on Earth. Chloroplasts are relatively large organelles with a diameter of ~5 μm and width of ~2.5 μm, and so can be readily analysed by electron microscopy. Each chloroplast is enclosed by two envelope membranes, which encompass an aqueous matrix, the stroma and the thylakoids. Components of stroma include starch granules and plastoglobuli, which can be observed by electron microscopy. And the thylakoids consist of stromal thylakoid, granal thylakoid and as well as granum (a stack of thylakoids). These structure components are quite sensitive to developmental changes and environmental variations, such as drought, salinity, cold, high temperature and others. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a ...
[摘要] 叶绿体是光合作用的位点，其使得和维持地球上的有氧生命。叶绿体是相对大的细胞器，直径为〜5μm，宽度为〜2.5μm，因此可以容易地通过电子显微镜分析。每个叶绿体被两个包膜包封，其包含水性基质，基质和类囊体。基质的组分包括淀粉颗粒和塑性球体，其可以通过电子显微镜观察。类囊体由基质类囊体，颗粒类囊体以及颗粒（一叠类囊体）组成。这些结构组分对发展变化和环境变化（如干旱，盐度，寒冷，高温等）相当敏感。透射电子显微镜（TEM）是一种强大的技术，用于监测各种变化的参数或治疗对这些重要细胞器的发育和分化的影响。在这里我们描述一种可靠的方法通过TEM分析烟草植物的质体超微结构。
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