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Bromophenol Blue

溴酚蓝

Company: EMD Millipore
Catalog#: BX1410
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RNA Capping by Transcription Initiation with Non-canonical Initiating Nucleotides (NCINs): Determination of Relative Efficiencies of Transcription Initiation with NCINs and NTPs
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Date:
2017-06-20
[Abstract]  It recently has been established that adenine-containing cofactors, including nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), and 3’-desphospho-coenzyme A (dpCoA), can serve as ‘non-canonical initiating nucleotides’ (NCINs) for transcription initiation by bacterial and eukaryotic cellular RNA polymerases (RNAPs) and that the efficiency of the reaction is determined by promoter sequence (Bird et al., 2016). Here we describe a protocol to quantify the relative efficiencies of transcription initiation using an NCIN vs. transcription initiation using a nucleoside triphosphate (NTP) for a given promoter sequence. [摘要]  最近已经确定,含有腺嘌呤的辅因子,包括烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(NAD +),还原型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(NADH)和3'-脱磷酸辅酶A(dpCoA)可以作为“非规范起始核苷酸” NCIN),用于通过细菌和真核细胞RNA聚合酶(RNAP)进行转录起始,并且通过启动子序列确定反应的效率(Bird等,2016)。 在这里,我们描述了使用NCIN与使用三磷酸核苷(NTP)对于给定启动子序列的转录起始来定量转录起始的相对效率的方案。
【背景】在细菌,古细菌和真核生物中的转录由序列,结构和机制保守的多亚基RNA聚合酶(RNAPs)进行(Ebright,2000; Lane和Darst,2010)。为了启动转录,RNAP与一个或多个引发因子一起结合称为“启动子”的特异性DNA序列,并解开启动子DNA以形成含有未解链“转录泡”的RNAP启动子开放复合物(RPo)(图1A; Ruff等人,2015)。 RNAP然后通过扩增(“剔除”)或收缩(“抗锯齿”)转录起始点来选择转录起始位点,以将转录起始位点的核苷酸置于RNAP活性中心起始位点(“i位点”)和扩增位点'i + 1位点')结合i位点的互补起始核苷酸底物和“i + 1”位点的互补延伸底物,并催化磷酸二酯键形成产生初始RNA产物(Winkelman等, 2016)。
在标准的从头转录启动中,起始底物是核苷三磷酸(NTP),通常为ATP或GTP(Nickels ...

In vitro Detection of S-acylation on Recombinant Proteins via the Biotin-Switch Technique
Author:
Date:
2014-11-20
[Abstract]  Protein palmitoylation is the post-translational modification of proteins via the attachment of palmitate through acyl linkages. The nucleophile sulfhydryl group of cysteines is the common palmitoylation site. Covalent attachment of palmitate occurs on numerous proteins and is usually associated with directing protein localization to the endomembrane system. Detection of protein palmitoylation by in vivo labeling with tritium-labeled palmitic acid typically requires an autoradiographic exposure time of several months, and, thus is not suitable for rapid analyses. Here, we described an easy protocol for quick in vitro detection of protein S-acylation using the Arabidopsis protein kinase, PBS1, as an example. To determine whether PBS1 is modified through thioester ... [摘要]  蛋白质棕榈酰化是通过棕榈酸酯通过酰基键连接的蛋白质的翻译后修饰。半胱氨酸的亲核巯基是常见的棕榈酰化位点。棕榈酸酯的共价附着发生在许多蛋白质上,并且通常与将蛋白质定位到内膜系统相关。通过体内标记氚标记的棕榈酸来检测蛋白质棕榈酰化通常需要几个月的放射自显影曝光时间,因此不适合快速分析。在这里,我们描述了使用拟南芥蛋白激酶(PBS1)作为实例的快速体外检测蛋白S-酰化的简单方案。为了确定PBS1是否通过硫酯键连接到酰基修饰,我们采用"生物素开关"测定法(Hemsley等人,2008)。这项工作首次发表在Qi。et al。(2014),但我们在这里扩展方法。 PBS1在植物的基础免疫系统内起作用,并且是细菌半胱氨酸蛋白酶AvrPphB的靶(Shao等人,2002; Zhang等人,2010) 。它含有预测的N-末端S - 酰基化基序(MGCFSCFDS),其中Cys-3和Cys-6残基预测为被CSS-Palm 3.0棕榈酰化(http://csspalm.biocuckoo。 org /; Ren等人,2008)。我们的方法利用羟胺诱导的硫酯键裂解,这导致游离的巯基,然后可以与生物素衍生物1-生物素酰氨基-4- [4' - (马来酰亚胺甲基)环己烷甲酰胺基] - 丁烷(生物素-BMCC)缀合。通过蛋白质印迹用链霉亲和素 - ...

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