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CCCP

羰基氰化物3-氯苯基腙

Company: Sigma-Aldrich
Catalog#: C2759
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In vivo Mitophagy Monitoring in Caenorhabditis elegans to Determine Mitochondrial Homeostasis
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Date:
2017-04-05
[Abstract]  Perturbation of mitochondrial function is a major hallmark of several pathological conditions and ageing, underlining the essential role of fine-tuned mitochondrial activity (Lopez-Otin et al., 2013). Mitochondrial selective autophagy, known as mitophagy, mediates the removal of dysfunctional and/or superfluous organelles, preserving cellular and organismal homeostasis (Palikaras and Tavernarakis, 2014; Pickrell and Youle, 2015; Scheibye-Knudsen et al., 2015). In this protocol, we describe a method for assessing mitophagy in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. [摘要]  线粒体功能的扰动是几种病理状况和衰老的主要标志,强调了线粒体活性调控的重要作用(Lopez-Otin等,2013)。 线粒体选择性自噬,称为嗜中性细胞因子介导功能障碍和/或多余的细胞器的去除,保留细胞和有机体内稳态(Palikaras和Tavernarakis,2014; Pickrell和Youle,2015; Scheibye-Knudsen等,2015)。 在这个协议中,我们描述了一种评估线虫秀丽隐杆线虫线粒体的方法。
【背景】线粒体被认为是真核细胞的细胞动力,因为它们是通过氧化磷酸化(OXPHOS)和ATP生成的主要能量提供者。此外,它们在细胞稳态中的关键作用突出表现在它们对几种基本细胞过程(包括钙缓冲,代谢物合成和凋亡等)调节的贡献。线粒体功能的放松规律与几种病理状况(包括衰老和年龄相关的神经变性疾病)的发病有关(Vafai和Mootha,2012; Palikaras和Tavernarakis,2014)。因此,真核生物已经发展了几种复杂和高度专门化的分子途径来保护能量稳态(Pickrell和Youle,2015; Scheibye-Knudsen等,2015)。 Mitophagy是一种选择性类型的自噬,促进线粒体受损的消除,以及细胞调节线粒体内源物质和环境信号的主要降解途径(Palikaras等,2015; Schiavi et al。,2015; ...

Bacterial Intracellular Sodium Ion Measurement using CoroNa Green
Author:
Date:
2017-01-05
[Abstract]  The bacterial flagellar type III export apparatus consists of a cytoplasmic ATPase complex and a transmembrane export gate complex, which are powered by ATP and proton motive force (PMF) across the cytoplasmic membrane, respectively, and transports flagellar component proteins from the cytoplasm to the distal end of the growing flagellar structure where their assembly occurs (Minamino, 2014). The export gate complex can utilize sodium motive force in addition to PMF when the cytoplasmic ATPase complex does not work properly. A transmembrane export gate protein FlhA acts as a dual ion channel to conduct both H+ and Na+ (Minamino et al., 2016). Here, we describe how to measure the intracellular Na+ concentrations in living Escherichia coli ... [摘要]  细菌鞭毛III型出口设备由细胞质ATP酶复合物和跨膜出口门复合物组成,分别由ATP和质子动力(PMF)驱动跨越细胞质膜,并将鞭毛成分蛋白从细胞质转运到远端结束它们的组装发生的鞭毛结构(Minamino,2014)。当细胞质ATPase复合物不能正常工作时,出口门复合物可以利用除PMF之外的钠动力。跨膜出口门蛋白FlhA充当双离子通道,以进行H + 和Na + (Minamino等人,2016)。在这里,我们描述如何使用钠敏感荧光染料CoroNa Green(Minamino等人)测量活细胞大肠杆菌细胞中的细胞内Na+浓度,。,2016)。通过荧光显微镜检测CoroNa Green的荧光强度,可以定量测定细胞内Na +的浓度。

背景 通过荧光成像技术测量细胞内Na +浓度能够在单细胞水平上更精确和定量地进行,因为每个细胞的背景噪声可以通过图像分析程序去除。 Lo <等等。已经建立了用于测量活体中的细胞质Na +浓度的方案。使用钠敏感荧光染料钠绿,并显示细胞质Na +浓度维持在10mM左右。大肠杆菌在0至100mM的外部Na +浓度范围的宽范围内(Lo et al。,2006)。因为CoroNa ...

Measurement of Proton-driven Antiport in Escherichia coli
Author:
Date:
2014-11-05
[Abstract]  Secondary active transport of substrates across the inner membrane is vital to the bacterial cell. Of the secondary active transporter families, the ubiquitous major facilitator superfamily (MFS) is the largest and most functionally diverse (Reddy et al., 2012). Recently, it was reported that the MFS multidrug efflux protein MdtM from Escherichia coli (E. coli) functions physiologically in protection of bacterial cells against bile salts (Paul et al., 2014). The MdtM transporter imparts bile salt resistance to the bacterial cell by coupling the exchange of external protons (H+) to the efflux of bile salts from the cell interior via an antiport reaction. This protocol describes, using fluorometry, how to detect the bile salt/H+ ... [摘要]  底物穿过内膜的二次主动转运对细菌细胞是至关重要的。在次要活性转运蛋白家族中,遍在的主要促进子超家族(MFS)是最大和最功能多样的(Reddy等人,2012)。最近,据报道,来自大肠杆菌(大肠杆菌)的MFS多药物外排蛋白MdtM在保护细菌细胞对抗胆汁盐中具有生理功能(Paul等人al。,2014)。 MdtM转运蛋白通过将外部质子(H + +)的交换耦合到通过反向端反应从细胞内部排出的胆汁盐,赋予细菌细胞以抗胆汁盐性。该方案使用荧光测定法描述了如何在E的逆向转运体缺陷菌株的倒置膜囊泡中检测MdtM的胆汁盐/H sup/+抗末端活性。通过测量跨膜ΔpH测定大肠杆菌 TO114细胞。该方法利用pH敏感染料吖啶橙的荧光信号(淬灭和去淬灭)的强度响应于囊泡腔中的[H sup +]的变化而发生的变化。由于内源性转运蛋白表达的低水平,其通常使得单个转运蛋白例如MdtM对质子驱动的反运输蛋白的贡献难以检测,所述方法通常需要从多拷贝质粒过表达所关注的转运蛋白。尽管本文所述的方案的第一部分对于来自pBAD/emyc-His-A表达载体的MdtM的过表达非常特异,但描述随后通过MdtM测量胆汁盐流出的方案可以容易地适用于通过任何其他反交换器测量其它底物的反向运输,其交换质子用于对衬底。

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