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ES cell grade fetal bovine serum

胎牛血清

Company: Sigma-Aldrich
Catalog#: F9423
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Quantification of Extracellular Double-stranded RNA Uptake and Subcellular Localization Using Flow Cytometry and Confocal Microscopy
Author:
Date:
2018-06-20
[Abstract]  Double-stranded RNA is a potent pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) produced as a by-product of viral replication and a well-known hallmark of viral infection. Viral dsRNAs can be released from infected cells into the extracellular space and internalized by neighboring cells via endocytosis. Mammals possess multiple pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) capable of detecting viral dsRNAs such as endosomal toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) and cytosolic RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) which lead to the production of type I interferons (IFNs). Thus, intracellular localization of viral dsRNA can provide insight into the downstream signaling pathways leading to innate immune activation. Here, we describe a quantitative method for measuring extracellular dsRNA uptake and visualizing subcellular ... [摘要]  双链RNA是一种有效的病原体相关分子模式(PAMP),作为病毒复制的副产物和病毒感染的众所周知的标志产生。 病毒dsRNA可以从感染的细胞释放到细胞外空间并通过胞吞作用被邻近细胞内化。 哺乳动物具有能够检测导致产生I型干扰素(IFN)的病毒dsRNA(例如内体Toll样受体3(TLR3)和胞质RIG-1样受体(RLR))的多模式识别受体(PRR)。 因此,病毒dsRNA的细胞内定位可以提供对导致先天免疫激活的下游信号传导途径的了解。 在这里,我们描述了一种测量细胞外dsRNA摄取和分别通过流式细胞仪和共聚焦显微镜观察内化dsRNA的亚细胞定位的定量方法。

【背景】双链RNA(dsRNA)是病毒复制的常见副产物,通过产生I型干扰素(IFN)和其他促炎细胞因子(Nellimarla和Mossman,2014)是抗病毒免疫的有效激活剂。病毒的dsRNA通过TLR3核内体内所感测(松本等人,2003年)或在由RIG-I样受体(RLRS),RIG-I和MDA-5(加藤等人,2006)。在裂解感染,这些dsRNA可以被释放到细胞外空间,它们结合于相邻小区,如A类清道夫受体(SR-A)和RAFTLIN表面受体,并且随后经由网格蛋白介导的内吞作用内在化(伊藤制 2008; DeWitte-Orr等人,2010; Watanabe等人,2011; Dansako等人,, ...

Purification and Fluorescent Labeling of Exosomes
Author:
Date:
2014-04-20
[Abstract]  Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin secreted into the extracellular environment from a variety of different cells, and are thought to play important roles in intercellular communications. Here, we provide a useful protocol to purify the exosomes released from cell lines using sucrose gradient centrifugation. In this protocol, we also applied a red-fluorescent lipophilic dye, DiI, which is incorporated in the outer membrane of exosomes. This fluorescently labeled exosomes allow us to visualize individual exosomes by a confocal laser scanning microscope.
[摘要]  外来体是从各种不同细胞分泌到细胞外环境中的内吞起源的小膜囊泡,并且被认为在细胞间通讯中起重要作用。 在这里,我们提供了一个有用的协议,以纯化使用蔗糖梯度离心从细胞系释放的外来体。 在这个协议,我们还应用红色荧光亲脂染料DiI,其被并入外来体的外膜。 这种荧光标记的外来体允许我们通过共聚焦激光扫描显微镜可视化单个外来体

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