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1.5 ml tube

Eppendorf安全锁管

Company: Eppendorf
Catalog#: 022363204
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Murine Monocyte and Macrophage Culture
Author:
Date:
2021-03-20
[Abstract]  

Myeloid progenitors in the bone marrow generate monocytes, macrophages, granulocytes and most dendritic cells. Even though these innate immune cells are part of the same lineage, each cell type plays a specific and critical role in tissue development, host defense and the generation of adaptive immunity. Protocols have been developed in the past to differentiate myeloid cell types from bone marrow cells, enabling functional investigation and furthering our understanding about their contribution to mammalian physiology. In this protocol, we describe a simple and rapid method to isolate monocytes from murine bone marrow, culture them for up to 5 days and lastly, differentiate them into bone marrow derived macrophages (Figure 1).

Graphic abstract:

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[摘要]  [摘要]骨髓中的骨髓祖细胞产生单核细胞,巨噬细胞,粒细胞和大多数树突状细胞。即使这些先天免疫细胞是同一谱系的一部分,每种细胞类型在组织发育,宿主防御和适应性免疫的产生中也发挥着特定而关键的作用。过去已经开发出区分骨髓细胞和骨髓细胞的协议,以进行功能研究并加深我们对它们对哺乳动物生理学贡献的理解。在该协议中,我们描述了一种简单快速的方法,可从鼠骨髓中分离单核细胞,将其培养长达5天,最后,将它们分化为源自骨髓的巨噬细胞(图1)。

图形摘要:

图1.实验概述,描绘了鼠单核细胞和巨噬细胞培养的步骤

Enzymatic Synthesis and Fractionation of Fluorescent PolyU RNAs
Author:
Date:
2018-09-05
[Abstract]  The physical properties of viral-length polyuridine (PolyU) RNAs, which cannot base-pair and form secondary structures, are compared with those of normal-composition RNAs, composed of comparable numbers of each of A, U, G and C nucleobases. In this protocol, we describe how to synthesize fluorescent polyU RNAs using the enzyme polynucleotide phosphorylase (PNPase) from Uridine diphosphate (UDP) monomers and how to fractionate the polydisperse synthesis mixture using gel electrophoresis, and, after electroelution, how to quantify the amount of polyU recovered with UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Dynamic light scattering was used to determine the hydrodynamic radii of normal-composition RNAs as compared to polyU. It showed that long polyU RNAs behave like linear polymers for which the radii scale ... [摘要]  将不能碱基配对并形成二级结构的病毒长度聚尿苷(PolyU)RNA的物理性质与正常组成RNA的物理性质进行比较,正常组成RNA由相当数量的A,U,G和C核碱基组成。 在该协议中,我们描述了如何使用来自二磷酸尿苷(UDP)单体的酶多核苷酸磷酸化酶(PNPase)合成荧光polyU RNA以及如何使用凝胶电泳分离多分散合成混合物,并且在电洗脱后,如何量化 用UV-Vis分光光度法回收polyU。 与polyU相比,动态光散射用于确定正常组成RNA的流体动力学半径。 结果表明,长polyU RNA的行为类似于线性聚合物,其半径范围为链长为N 1/2 ,而正常组成RNA则作为紧凑的支链RNA,其半径范围为 如N 1/3 。

【背景】 PolyU作为物理对象: PolyU是一种由重复的尿苷残基组成的非生物RNA分子,因此,它不能与Watson-Crick碱基对缺乏RNA二级结构(Martin和Ames,1962; Richards et al。,1963)。 PolyU具有非常弱的碱基堆积能量,导致缺乏螺旋排序 - 除了低于4°C(Richards et al。,1963)。由于缺乏这种结构,polyU ...

Preparation of Cell-free Synthesized Proteins Selectively Double Labeled for Single-molecule FRET Studies
Author:
Date:
2018-06-20
[Abstract]  Single-molecule FRET (smFRET) is a powerful tool to investigate molecular structures and conformational changes of biological molecules. The technique requires protein samples that are site-specifically equipped with a pair of donor and acceptor fluorophores. Here, we present a detailed protocol for preparing double-labeled proteins for smFRET studies. The protocol describes two cell-free approaches to achieve a selective label scheme that allows the highest possible accuracy in inter‐dye distance determination. [摘要]  单分子FRET(smFRET)是研究生物分子的分子结构和构象变化的有力工具。 该技术需要蛋白质样品,该样品是特定位点配有一对供体和受体荧光团的。 在这里,我们提供了一个制备smFRET研究的双标记蛋白的详细方案。 该协议描述了两种无细胞方法来实现选择性标记方案,其允许在染料间距离确定中具有最高可能的准确性。

【背景】单分子FRET(smFRET)是结构生物学中最重要的工具之一,特别是用于分析蛋白质的结构和功能构象变化(Michalet等人,2006; Roy等人。,2008; Sustarsic和Kapanidis,2015)。然而,smFRET的广泛应用在许多情况下受限于合适的蛋白质样品的精细生产。这些蛋白质需要配备两个荧光团,位点特异性连接在蛋白质结构内的不同位置。

经典的基于细胞的蛋白质生产需要一系列耗时的步骤,可以通过使用无细胞蛋白质合成(CFPS)系统来克服,允许更快且直接地生产和选择适当的双标记蛋白质。此外,CFPS的另一个优点是由于几类蛋白质如蛋白酶或膜蛋白对活细胞或其他原因有毒,难以在细胞中表达,可以在CFPS系统中成功合成。最后,CFPS是专注于光谱技术如smFRET的实验室的理想工具,因为细胞培养不是必需的,并且不必考虑重组生物的安全规定。

尽管smFRET所需的样本量本质上很低,但迄今为止,在smFRET研究中,CFPS尚未被标准地用于生产样本。这主要是由于与基于细胞的系统相比蛋白质产量低得多,并且缺乏适当的无细胞方法,其允许适当量的双标记蛋白质的方便合成。然而,正如我们的小组所表明的那样,得益于更高效的正交标记方案(Sadoine ...

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