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C57BL/6 Mouse

C57BL / 6小鼠

Company: Charles River Laboratories
Catalog#: 027
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Protocols to Study Declarative Memory Formation in Mice and Humans: Optogenetics and Translational Behavioral Approaches
Author:
Date:
2018-06-20
[Abstract]  Declarative memory formation depends on the hippocampus and declines in aging. Two functions of the hippocampus, temporal binding and relational organization (Rawlins and Tsaltas, 1983; Eichenbaum et al., 1992; Cohen et al., 1997), are known to decline in aging (Leal and Yassa, 2015). However, in the literature distinct procedures have been used to study these two functions. Here, we describe the experimental procedures used to investigate how these two processes are related in the formation of declarative memory and how they are compromised in aging (Sellami et al., 2017). First, we studied temporal binding using a one-trial learning procedure: trace fear conditioning. It is classical Pavlovian conditioning requiring temporal binding since a brief temporal gap ... [摘要]  陈述性记忆的形成取决于海马体和老化程度的下降。已知海马,时间结合和关系组织的两种功能(Rawlins和Tsaltas,1983; Eichenbaum等人,1992; Cohen等人,1997),已知老龄化下降(Leal和Yassa,2015)。但是,在文献中已经使用不同的程序来研究这两个功能。在这里,我们描述了用于研究这两个过程如何与陈述性记忆的形成以及它们如何在衰老中受到损害有关的实验程序(Sellami et。,2017)。首先,我们使用单一试验性学习程序研究了时间绑定:追踪恐惧条件反射。这是经典的巴甫洛夫条件需要时间约束,因为短暂的时间间隔将条件刺激(CS)和无条件刺激(US)呈现分开。我们将追踪恐惧条件程序与光遗传学方法相结合,并且我们表明时间依赖性依赖于背侧(d)CA1活性在时间间隙上的依赖性。然后,我们研究了时间绑定和关系组织之间在声明性记忆形成中的相互作用,这种相互作用使用了小鼠中的两阶段径向迷宫任务及其在人类中的虚拟类比。行为过程包括一个初始学习阶段,在这个阶段中,受试者获得每个手臂持续的奖励/无奖赏价值,然后是测试阶段,其中武器中的奖励突发事件保持不变,但武器重新组合以评估灵活性,陈述性记忆。我们证明了dCA1依赖的时间结合对于记忆的关系组织的发展是必需的,这允许灵活的陈述记忆表达。此外,在衰老过程中,陈述性记忆的退化是由于时间约束能力的减少而阻碍了关系组织。 ...

Differentiation of Myeloid-derived Suppressor Cells from Murine Bone Marrow and Their Co-culture with Splenic Dendritic Cells
Author:
Date:
2017-09-20
[Abstract]  Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) possess the ability to suppress the immune response, and to amplify the regulatory properties of other immune cells, i.e., dendritic cells. Here we describe a protocol in which MDSCs were differentiated from murine bone marrow cells, and CD11c+ dendritic cells were purified from murine spleens. MDSCs and CD11c dendritic cells can be co-cultured and the immunoregulatory phenotype of the MDSCs-conditioned dendritic cells could be assessed by means of a specific functional in vivo experiment, i.e., a skin test as a measure of the delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction toward a poorly immunogenic antigen. [摘要]  骨髓来源的抑制细胞(MDSCs)具有抑制免疫应答的能力,并扩增其他免疫细胞即树突状细胞的调节特性。 在这里,我们描述了MDSC与鼠骨髓细胞分化的方案,并且从鼠脾中纯化CD11c +树突状细胞。 可以共培养MDSC和CD11c树突状细胞,并且可以通过特定的功能体内实验来评估MDSCs条件树突细胞的免疫调节表型,即皮肤试验作为延迟型超敏反应的量度 抗免疫原性较差的抗原。
【背景】骨髓来源的抑制细胞(MDSCs)是由早期分化阶段的巨噬细胞,粒细胞,树突状细胞和骨髓细胞的前体组成的骨髓细胞组(Youn等人,2008),其在肿瘤的淋巴组织中大量积累感染性小鼠以及感染性疾病,败血症和创伤的小鼠。这些细胞的主要特征是它们以Ag特异性和/或非特异性方式抑制T细胞应答的能力。这些细胞现在被认为是负责肿瘤相关免疫缺陷的主要细胞类型之一;涉及MDSC介导的免疫抑制的主要因素包括Arg1的高表达(Marvel和Gabrilovich,2015)。精氨酸酶1(Arg1)和吲哚胺2,3-双加氧酶1(IDO1)分别是催化L-精氨酸(L-Arg)和L-色氨酸(L-Trp)降解的免疫调节酶,导致局部氨基酸剥夺。此外,与Arg1不同,IDO1在树突细胞(DC)中也具有非酶信号传导活性(Mondanelli等,2017)。除了其固有的免疫抑制活性外,MDSC还可能扩增其他免疫细胞的调节特性,特别是在肿瘤微环境中。虽然建立了MDSC-巨噬细胞相互作用的一些机制(Ugel等,2015),MDSCs和DCs之间的串扰仍然不清楚(Ostrand-Rosenberg等,2012);为弥补这一差距,我们已经制定了该方案,并且我们证明了Arg1 ...

Mouse Liver Mitochondria Isolation, Size Fractionation, and Real-time MOMP Measurement
Author:
Date:
2016-08-05
[Abstract]  The mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis involves a complex interplay between dozens of proteins and lipids, and is also dependent on the shape and size of mitochondria. The use of cellular models in past studies has not been ideal for investigating how the complex multi-factor interplay regulates the molecular mechanisms of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP). Isolated systems have proven to be a paradigm to deconstruct MOMP into individual steps and to study the behavior of each subset of MOMP regulators. In particular, isolated mitochondria are key to in vitro studies of the BCL-2 family proteins, a complex family of pro-survival and pro-apoptotic proteins that directly control the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis (Renault et al., 2013).

In ...
[摘要]  凋亡的线粒体途径涉及数十种蛋白质和脂质之间的复杂相互作用,并且还依赖于线粒体的形状和大小。在过去的研究中使用细胞模型不是理想的调查如何复杂的多因素相互作用调节线粒体外膜透化(MOMP)的分子机制。分离系统已被证明是将MOMP解构成各个步骤并研究每个子集的MOMP调节剂的行为的范例。特别地,分离的线粒体是BCL-2家族蛋白的体外研究的关键,BCL-2家族蛋白是直接控制凋亡的线粒体途径的促存活和促凋亡蛋白的复合家族(Renault > et al 。,2013)。
  在这个协议,我们描述三个补充程序用于实时调查使用孤立的线粒体MOMP调节器的影响。第一种方法是"肝线粒体分离",其中从小鼠中分离肝脏以获得线粒体。 "用JC-1和大小分级分离的线粒体标记"是描述标记,按大小分级并标准化线粒体亚群的方法的第二个方法。最后,"实时MOMP测量"协议允许在孤立的线粒体上实时跟踪MOMP。上述程序用于在体外确定线粒体膜形状在分离的细胞和分离的线粒体水平上的作用(Renault等人,2015)。

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