| A Versatile Protocol to Quantify BCR-mediated Phosphorylation in Human and Murine B Cell Subpopulations
|
|
Author:
Date:
2021-02-05
[Abstract] Signal transduction is the process by which molecular signals are transmitted from the cell surface to its interior, resulting in functional changes inside the cell. B cell receptor (BCR) signaling is of crucial importance for B cells, as it regulates their differentiation, selection, survival, cellular activation and proliferation. Upon BCR engagement by antigen several protein kinases, lipases and linker molecules become phosphorylated. Phosphoflow cytometry (phosphoflow) is a flow cytometry-based method allowing for analysis of protein phosphorylation in single cells. Due to recent advances in methodology and antibody availability – together with the relatively easy quantification of phosphorylation – phosphoflow is increasingly and more commonly used, compared to classical ...
[摘要] [背景] 信号转导是分子信号从细胞表面传递到细胞内部的过程，导致细胞内部功能发生变化。B细胞受体（BCR）信号对于B细胞至关重要，因为它调节了它们的分化，选择，存活，细胞活化和增殖。抗原与BCR结合后，一些蛋白激酶，脂肪酶和接头分子会被磷酸化。磷酸流式细胞仪（phosphoflow）是一种基于流式细胞仪的方法，可以分析单个细胞中的蛋白质磷酸化。由于方法学和抗体的可获得性的最新进展，再加上相对容易的磷酸化定量，与传统的蛋白质印迹分析相比，越来越多地使用磷酸流。但是，建立一种适用于所有感兴趣目标的方法可能具有挑战性。在这里，我们提出了逐步的磷流方案，允许对信号分子的磷酸化状态进行评估，并进行广泛的染色，以鉴定各种人和鼠B细胞亚群，如先前在Rip等人的原始论文。，（2020 ）。在原始论文中对磷流靶标的描述旁边，我们提供了在BCR信号传导中起关键作用的其他靶标的指导。循序渐进的磷酸流操作流程是用户友好的操作，可对人和鼠B细胞亚群中各种BCR信号分子的磷酸化进行灵敏检测。
[背景] ...
|
|
|
| Isolation of Murine Primary Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells
|
|
Author:
Date:
2021-02-05
[Abstract] Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) have been cultured for decades to study the role of these cells in cardiovascular disorders. The most common source of VSMCs is the rat aorta. Here we show the adaptation of this method to isolate and culture mouse aortic VSMCs. The advantage of this method is that there are many more transgenic mouse lines available compared to rats. The protocol consists of the isolation of the aorta, the liberation of vascular cells by the action of collagenase, culturing of VSCMs, and analyzing filamentous actin and alpha smooth muscle actin by fluorescence microscopy. VSCMs can be further used to study mechanisms underlying cardiovascular diseases.
Graphic abstract
Figure 1. Working steps ...
[摘要] [摘要]血管平滑肌细胞（VSMC）已培养了数十年，以研究这些细胞在心血管疾病中的作用。VSMC的最常见来源是大鼠主动脉。在这里，我们展示了此方法对分离和培养小鼠主动脉VSMC的适应性。这种方法的优点是，与大鼠相比，有更多的转基因小鼠系可用。该方案包括主动脉的分离，通过胶原酶的作用释放血管细胞，培养VSCM ，通过荧光显微镜分析丝状肌动蛋白和α平滑肌肌动蛋白。VSCM可进一步用于研究心血管疾病的潜在机制。
图形摘要：
˚F igure 1.工作步骤
关键词：血管平滑肌细胞鼠主动脉提取分离培养
[背景]血管壁细胞（壁细胞）在多种疾病的调节中起着至关重要的作用，从高血压（Rodríguez-Vita等，2005a）和动脉粥样硬化（Rodríguez-Vita等，2008）到癌症（ Wong等人，2020年），甚至最近还有COVID-19 （He等人，2020年）。毛细血管大部分被周细胞覆盖，而较大的血管在血管壁中含有VSCM。壁细胞通过血管收缩和血管舒张来控制血流。这样，吨哎是在几种药物靶，其降低血压（圣保罗等人，2020） ...
|
|
|
| Bacterial Conjugation Protocol for Ruminant Mycoplasmas
|
|
Author:
Date:
2021-01-20
[Abstract] In Mycoplasma agalactiae, two simultaneous processes of DNA transfer have been described that require direct cell-to-cell contact and are similar to conjugation. One involves the self-transmission of an integrative conjugative element (ICE) while the second concerns the horizontal transfer of large and small fragments of chromosomal DNA. Here, we describe an optimized conjugation protocol for the horizontal transfer of ICE or chromosomal DNA carrying antibiotic resistance markers (i.e., tetracycline, gentamicin, puromycin) from donor to recipient mycoplasma cells. Calculation of the conjugation frequencies, selection and characterization of transconjugants are detailed. This protocol has been developed with M. agalactiae but has been successfully used for M. bovis and can be adapted to ...
[摘要] [摘要]在无乳支原体中，已经描述了DNA转移的两个同时过程，它们需要直接的细胞间接触，并且类似于缀合。一种涉及整合共轭元件（ICE）的自我传递，而第二种涉及染色体DNA大小片段的水平转移。在这里，我们描述了一种优化的结合方案，用于从供体到受体支原体细胞水平转移带有抗生素抗性标记（即四环素，庆大霉素，嘌呤霉素）的ICE或染色体DNA 。详细介绍了共轭频率的计算，跨共轭物的选择和表征。该协议已与无乳分枝杆菌一起开发但已成功用于牛分枝杆菌，并可适应其他相关支原体物种。
[背景]共轭的，水平的DNA转移是微生物多样化的关键角色。通过促进细胞与细胞之间的紧密接触主动转移DNA （Lederberg和Tatum，1946），这种现象促进了从外部资源快速获取新性状。支原体（类柔膜）是无壁菌，其进化已经被认为是由基因损失仅减小驱动的基因组，并且其中水平基因转移（HGT ）被长期被认为是边缘。在过去的十年中，比较基因组学分析重新审视了这种范例，并显示出（i）在共享同一宿主的支原体物种之间发生了HGTs事件（Sirand-Pugnet et al。，2007），以及（ii）整合和共轭的存在元件（ICE中）中的大量测序支原体基因组（Calcutt等人，2002; Marenda等人，2006; Dordet-弗里索尼等人，2013;拖期等人，2015; Meygret ...
|
|
|