| Intestinal Co-culture System to Study TGR5 Agonism and Gut Restriction
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Author:
Date:
2021-03-20
[Abstract] The activation of the Takeda G-protein receptor 5 (TGR5, also known as the G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1, GPBAR1) in enteroendocrine L-cells results in secretion of the anti-diabetic hormone Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 (GLP-1) into systemic circulation. Consequently, recent research has focused on identification and development of TGR5 agonists as type 2 diabetes therapeutics. However, the clinical application of TGR5 agonists has been hampered by side effects of these compounds that primarily result from their absorption into circulation. Here we describe an in vitro screening protocol to evaluate the TGR5 agonism, GLP-1 secretion, and gut-restricted properties of small molecules. The protocol involves differentiating gut epithelial and endocrine cells together in transwells to ...
[摘要] [摘要]肠内分泌L细胞中的Takeda G蛋白受体5(TGR5,也称为G蛋白偶联胆汁酸受体1,GPBAR1)的激活导致抗糖尿病激素胰高血糖素样肽1的分泌。 (GLP-1)进入全身循环。因此,最近的研究集中于鉴定和开发TGR5激动剂作为2型糖尿病治疗剂。但是,TGR5激动剂的临床应用受到这些化合物的副作用的阻碍,这些副作用主要是由于它们吸收进入循环系统所致。这里我们描述一个体外 筛选协议以评估TGR5激动剂,GLP-1分泌和小分子的肠道限制性特性。该协议涉及在跨孔中将肠道上皮细胞和内分泌细胞一起分化,以评估TGR5激动剂的药效学和化合物对肠道单层的毒性。作为概念的证明,我们证明了该协议在评估有效的TGR5激动剂自然存在的胆汁酸代谢物的性质中的应用。该协议改编自Chaudhari等人。(202 1 )。
[背景和d ] GI道的肠壁是由几个不同类型的细胞,每一个特定的和,有时独有的功能的(阿莱尔等人。,2018) ...
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| Transcardiac Perfusion of the Mouse for Brain Tissue Dissection and Fixation
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Author:
Date:
2021-03-05
[Abstract] Transcardiac perfusion with saline followed by 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA) is widely used to clear blood and preserve brain for immunostaining or in situ hybridization. PFA breaks into formaldehyde in solution, which cross-link protein and DNA molecules to preserve tissue and cell structure. Here we provide a step by step guide for performing this procedure in mouse.
[摘要] [摘要]经盐水灌注心内膜灌注4%多聚甲醛(PFA )被广泛用于清除血液和保存脑部以进行免疫染色或原位杂交。PFA在溶液中分解成甲醛,甲醛使蛋白质和DNA分子交联以保留组织和细胞结构。在这里,我们提供了在鼠标中执行此过程的逐步指南。
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| Generation and Implementation of Reporter BHK-21 Cells for Live Imaging of Flavivirus Infection
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Author:
Date:
2021-03-05
[Abstract] The genus Flavivirus within the family Flaviviridae includes many viral species of medical importance, such as yellow fever virus (YFV), Zika virus (ZIKV), and dengue virus (DENV), among others. Presently, the identification of flavivirus-infected cells is based on either the immunolabeling of viral proteins, the application of recombinant reporter replicons and viral genomes, or the use of cell-based molecular reporters of the flaviviral protease NS2B-NS3 activity. Among the latter, our flavivirus-activatable GFP and mNeptune reporters contain a quenching peptide (QP) joined to the fluorescent protein by a linker consisting of a cleavage site for the flavivirus NS2B-NS3 proteases (AAQRRGRIG). When the viral protease cleaves the linker, the quenching peptide is removed, and the ...
[摘要] [摘要]本属黄病毒家族中的黄病毒包括医学重要性许多病毒种类,如黄热病病毒(YFV),寨卡病毒(ZIKV)和登革热病毒(DENV),等等。目前,黄病毒感染细胞的鉴定是基于病毒蛋白的免疫标记,重组报告子复制子和病毒基因组的应用,或黄病毒蛋白酶NS2B-NS3活性的基于细胞的分子报告子的使用。在后者中,我们的黄病毒可激活的GFP和mNeptune报道分子含有通过接头连接到荧光蛋白的淬灭肽(QP),该接头由黄病毒NS2B - NS3蛋白酶(AAQRRGRIG)的切割位点组成。当病毒蛋白酶切割接头时,淬灭肽被去除,并且荧光蛋白采用促进荧光的构象。在这里,我们提供了用于表达,选择和实施表达黄病毒基因编码分子报告子的稳定BHK-21细胞的详细协议,适用于通过活细胞成像监测病毒感染。我们还将描述图像分析过程并提供所需的软件管道。我们的报告细胞允许通过活细胞成像对黄病毒的参考菌株和天然菌株实施单细胞感染动力学以及噬菌斑测定。
图形摘要:
黄病毒感染实时成像的报告基因BHK-21细胞的产生与实施工作流。
[背景]黄病毒代表了正在引起并正在重新出现的全球性威胁,可能引起动物和人类疾病,包括许多与医学有关的病毒,例如黄热病病毒(YFV),西尼罗河病毒(WNV),日本脑炎病毒(JEV),登革热病毒(DENV),并兹卡六RUS(ZIKV),等等(摹·乌尔德·所罗门,2008) ...
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