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Company: Hydrochloric acid
Catalog#: 320331
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Carboxyfluorescein Dye Uptake to Measure Connexin-mediated Hemichannel Activity in Cultured Cells
Author:
Date:
2021-02-05
[Abstract]  

Connexins are membrane bound proteins that facilitate direct and local paracrine mediated cell-to-cell communication through their ability to oligomerise into hexameric hemichannels. When neighbouring channels align, they form gap-junctions that provide a direct route for information transfer between cells. In contrast to intact gap junctions, which typically open under physiological conditions, undocked hemichannels have a low open probability and mainly open in response to injury. Hemichannels permit the release of small molecules and ions (approximately 1kDa) into the local intercellular environment, and excessive expression/activity has been linked to a number of disease conditions. Carboxyfluorescein dye uptake measures functional expression of hemichannels, where increased ... [摘要]  [摘要]连接蛋白是有助于直接和局部旁分泌通过自己的能力介导的细胞-细胞通信膜结合蛋白寡聚成六聚半通道。当相邻通道对齐时,它们形成间隙连接,为单元之间的信息传输提供直接路径。与通常在生理条件下打开的完整的间隙连接相反,未对接的半通道的打开概率较低,主要是在受伤时打开。半通道允许小分子和离子(约1kDa)释放到局部细胞间环境中,并且过度表达/活性 与许多疾病状况有关。羧基荧光素染料的摄取量度了半通道的功能性表达,其中增加的半通道活性/功能反映了增加的负荷。该技术依赖于通过开放性半通道对不可渗透膜的荧光示踪剂的吸收,可用于比较在不同条件下(例如对照与疾病)培养的细胞单层之间的通道活性。其他技术(例如生物素化和电生理学)可以分别测量细胞表面表达和半通道开放可能性,但是,羧基荧光素的摄取提供了一种简单,快速且经济高效的方法来测定多种细胞类型的体外半通道活性。


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使用染料吸收量度半通道活性

[背景]连接蛋白(CX )是一体的跨膜蛋白,其寡聚到连接子在细胞表面。连接子与相似的六聚体蛋白复合物停靠在相邻细胞上,形成用于间隙连接细胞间通讯的双向导管(GJIC;Bosco等人,2011 ...

Bacterial Conjugation Protocol for Ruminant Mycoplasmas
Author:
Date:
2021-01-20
[Abstract]  

In Mycoplasma agalactiae, two simultaneous processes of DNA transfer have been described that require direct cell-to-cell contact and are similar to conjugation. One involves the self-transmission of an integrative conjugative element (ICE) while the second concerns the horizontal transfer of large and small fragments of chromosomal DNA. Here, we describe an optimized conjugation protocol for the horizontal transfer of ICE or chromosomal DNA carrying antibiotic resistance markers (i.e., tetracycline, gentamicin, puromycin) from donor to recipient mycoplasma cells. Calculation of the conjugation frequencies, selection and characterization of transconjugants are detailed. This protocol has been developed with M. agalactiae but has been successfully used for M. bovis and can be adapted to

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[摘要]  [摘要]在无乳支原体中,已经描述了DNA转移的两个同时过程,它们需要直接的细胞间接触,并且类似于缀合。一种涉及整合共轭元件(ICE)的自我传递,而第二种涉及染色体DNA大小片段的水平转移。在这里,我们描述了一种优化的结合方案,用于从供体到受体支原体细胞水平转移带有抗生素抗性标记(即四环素,庆大霉素,嘌呤霉素)的ICE或染色体DNA 。详细介绍了共轭频率的计算,跨共轭物的选择和表征。该协议已与无乳分枝杆菌一起开发但已成功用于牛分枝杆菌,并可适应其他相关支原体物种。


[背景]共轭的,水平的DNA转移是微生物多样化的关键角色。通过促进细胞与细胞之间的紧密接触主动转移DNA (Lederberg和Tatum,1946),这种现象促进了从外部资源快速获取新性状。支原体(类柔膜)是无壁菌,其进化已经被认为是由基因损失仅减小驱动的基因组,并且其中水平基因转移(HGT )被长期被认为是边缘。在过去的十年中,比较基因组学分析重新审视了这种范例,并显示出(i)在共享同一宿主的支原体物种之间发生了HGTs事件(Sirand-Pugnet et al。,2007),以及(ii)整合和共轭的存在元件(ICE中)中的大量测序支原体基因组(Calcutt等人,2002; Marenda等人,2006; Dordet-弗里索尼等人,2013;拖期等人,2015; Meygret ...

Efficient Transient Gene Knock-down in Tobacco Plants Using Carbon Nanocarriers
Author:
Date:
2021-01-05
[Abstract]  Gene knock-down in plants is a useful approach to study genotype-phenotype relationships, render disease resistance to crops, and enable efficient biosynthesis of molecules in plants. Small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated gene silencing is one of the most common ways to achieve gene knock-down in plants. Traditionally, siRNA is delivered into intact plant cells by coding the siRNA sequences into DNA vectors, which are then delivered through viral and/or bacterial methods. In this protocol, we provide an alternative direct delivery method of siRNA molecules into intact plant cells for efficient transient gene knock-down in model tobacco plant, Nicotiana benthamiana, leaves. Our approach uses one dimensional carbon-based nanomaterials, single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), to ... [摘要]  [摘要]植物基因敲低是研究基因型与表型关系,提高作物对病害的抵抗力以及实现植物分子高效生物合成的有用方法。小干扰RNA(siRNA)介导的基因沉默是在植物中实现基因敲低的最常见方法之一。传统上,通过将siRNA序列编码到DNA载体中,将siRNA传递到完整的植物细胞中,然后通过病毒和/或细菌方法传递。在这个协议中,我们提供的siRNA分子的替代直接递送方法为完整的植物细胞的高效瞬时根Ë击倒在模型的烟草植物,烟草本塞姆氏烟草,叶子。我们的方法使用一维碳基纳米材料,单壁碳纳米管(SWNTs)来传递siRNA,而不依赖于病毒/细菌的传递。我们方法的独特优势在于:i )不需要对siRNA序列进行DNA编码; ii)与非生物方法相比,这种非生物方法可在更广泛的植物物种中起作用,并且iii)使用非生物递送时,调节并发症更少方法,其中基因沉默是瞬时的,而无需对植物基因组进行永久性修饰。

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[背景技术[ 0002 ]在1990年代初,植物研究人员研究矮牵牛花的着色发现了通过RNA干扰(RNAi)引起的基因沉默(Van der ...

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