| Non-radioactive Assay to Determine Product Profile of Short-chain Isoprenyl Diphosphate Synthases
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Author:
Date:
2021-01-05
[Abstract] Isoprenoids represent the largest class of metabolites with amazing diversities in structure and function. They are involved in protecting plants against pathogens or herbivores or involved in attracting pollinators. Isoprenoids are derived from geranyl diphosphate (GPP; C10), farnesyl diphosphate (FPP; C15), geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP; C20), and geranylfarnesyl diphosphate (GFPP; C25) that are in turn formed by sequential condensations of isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP; C5) with an allylic acceptor such as dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP; C5), GPP, FPP, or GGPP in a reaction catalyzed by isoprenyl diphosphate synthases (IDSs). IDS enzyme assay for determination of prenyl diphosphate products is generally performed ...
[摘要] [Abstrac吨]类异戊二烯代表最大的一类代谢物在结构和功能惊人多样性。它们参与保护植物免受病原体或草食动物侵害,或参与吸引传粉媒介。(;çGPP类异戊二烯是从牻牛儿基二磷酸衍生的10 ),法呢基二磷酸(FPP;Ç 15 ),香叶基香叶基二磷酸(GGPP;Ç 20 ),和geranylfarnesyl二磷酸(GFPP; C ^ 25 ),它们又通过的顺序缩合形成异戊烯基二甲基磷酸酯(IPP; C 5 )与烯丙基受体,例如二磷酸二甲基烯丙酯(DMAPP; C 5),GPP,FPP或GGPP)由异戊二烯基二磷酸合酶(IDS)催化的反应。用于确定异戊二烯基二磷酸酯产物的IDS酶测定法通常是使用放射性标记的底物进行的,并且所形成的产物是通过使用昂贵的仪器(例如磷光成像仪,radio-GC或radio-HPLC)来鉴定的。尽管已经报道了一种用于测量粗植物提取物中IDS活性的非放射性测定方法,但它需要使用色谱结合串联质谱(LC / MS-MS)的复杂方法。在这里,我们描述了用于确定使用非放射性标记的IPP及其共同烯丙基底物DMAPP,GPP的IDS分析产物非放射性和简单廉价的测定法,和FPP。在测定中生成的异戊二烯基二磷酸产物的检测非常高效,并且在浓度大于40 µM的IPP和DMAPP / GPP / ...
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| In-vitro GLP-1 Release Assay Using STC-1 Cells
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Author:
Date:
2020-08-20
[Abstract] Enteroendocrine cells (EECs) are known chemosensors in the gastrointestinal (GI) epithelium. They release a diversity of gut hormones in response to various stimuli. Here, we report an in-vitro assay to measure GLP-1 release from cultured murine EEC’s under fatty acid stimulation.
[摘要] [摘要] 肠内分泌细胞(EEC)是胃肠道(GI)上皮中的已知化学传感器。它们响应各种刺激而释放多种肠激素。在这里,我们报告了一种体外测定法,以测量在脂肪酸刺激下培养的鼠EEC中GLP-1的释放。
[背景] 肠上皮是人体与环境之间最大的界面。该界面由单个上皮层组成,包含多个具有独特功能角色的不同细胞类型。与LGR5阳性上皮干细胞不同,肠内分泌细胞(EEC)沿整个胃肠道散布在整个上皮中。EEC通过产生和分泌多种激素,在对营养和其他刺激的反应中起关键作用。传统上,这些细胞是按照荷尔蒙特征来分类的(Nausheen 等人,2013; Latorre 等人,2016; Verhoeckx 等人,2015a),尽管随着单细胞RNA测序的到来,我们逐渐意识到这些细胞中的大多数分泌多种激素(Haber 等人,2017; Billing 等人,2019)。EEC的亚型L细胞由胰高血糖素样肽1和2(GLP-1和GLP-2)的产生定义,也可能分泌YY肽(PYY)和胰岛素样肽5(INSL5) 。大多数L细胞见于回肠末端和结肠,而另一些也见于十二指肠和空肠近端。L细胞表面的受体使它们能够直接感知管腔成分并产生适当的激素反应。L细胞上最显着的营养成分和食物成分受体是经典的味觉受体,游离脂肪酸受体以及蛋白质及其产物的受体(Drucker 和Nauck ,2006年;Furness ...
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