| A Robust Mammary Organoid System to Model Lactation and Involution-like Processes
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Author:
Date:
2021-04-20
[Abstract] The mammary gland is a highly dynamic tissue that changes throughout reproductive life, including growth during puberty and repetitive cycles of pregnancy and involution. Mammary gland tumors represent the most common cancer diagnosed in women worldwide. Studying the regulatory mechanisms of mammary gland development is essential for understanding how dysregulation can lead to breast cancer initiation and progression. Three-dimensional (3D) mammary organoids offer many exciting possibilities for the study of tissue development and breast cancer. In the present protocol derived from Sumbal et al., we describe a straightforward 3D organoid system for the study of lactation and involution ex vivo. We use primary and passaged mouse mammary organoids stimulated with fibroblast growth factor 2 ...
[摘要]
[摘要]乳腺是一种高度动态的组织，在整个生殖生活中都会发生变化，包括青春期的生长以及怀孕和进化的重复周期。乳腺肿瘤诊断代表在世界女性最常见的癌症宽。研究的监管机制乳腺的发育是至关重要的理解荷兰国际集团d如何YS调节可导致乳腺癌的发生和发展。三维（3D）乳腺组织体提供了许多令人激动的可能性的研究的组织发育和乳腺癌。在第E存在衍生自协议Sumbal等人，我们描述一个简单的3D类器官系统的研究的泌乳和复古体外。我们使用成纤维细胞生长因子2 （FGF2）和催乳素刺激的原代和传代小鼠乳腺类器官来模拟小鼠乳腺泌乳和内卷过程的三个周期。这种3D模型类器官代表一个有价值的工具来研究后期产后乳腺的发育和乳腺癌，尤其是产后-相关性乳腺癌。
图形摘要：
乳腺类器官的分离和培养程序
[背景技术]的Th e是乳腺的主要功能是提供营养吨经由牛奶产量Ò新生儿。牛逼乳腺他的发展是主要发生在出生后，由几个因素，包括激素和生长因子调控的一个高度动态的过程（Brisken和拉贾拉姆，2006;斯特恩利希特，2006年）。在青春期，激素和生长因子调节基本的胚胎导管树的导管形态发生（Brisken and ...
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| A Workflow for High-pressure Freezing and Freeze Substitution of the Caenorhabditis elegans Embryo for Ultrastructural Analysis by Conventional and Volume Electron Microscopy
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Author:
Date:
2021-04-05
[Abstract] The free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is a popular model system for studying developmental biology. Here we describe a detailed protocol to high-pressure freeze the C. elegans embryo (either ex vivo after dissection, or within the intact worm) followed by quick freeze substitution. Processed samples are suitable for ultrastructural analysis by conventional electron microscopy (EM) or newer volume EM (vEM) approaches such as Focused Ion Beam Scanning Electron Microscopy (FIB-SEM). The ultrastructure of cellular features such as the nuclear envelope, chromosomes, endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria are well preserved after these experimental procedures and yield accurate 3D models for visualization and analysis (Chang et al., 2020). This protocol was used in the 3D ...
[摘要] [摘要]自由生活的线虫秀丽隐杆线虫是研究发育生物学的流行模型系统。在这里，我们描述了详细的协议，以高压冷冻线虫的胚胎（解剖后离体，或完整的蠕虫内），然后快速冷冻替代。经过处理的样品适合通过常规电子显微镜（EM）或更新的体积EM（vEM）方法（如Focuse d离子束扫描电子显微镜（FIB-SEM））进行超微结构分析。的细胞特征，例如超微结构的NUCL耳信封，染色体，内质网和线粒体保存良好这些实验程序后，并产生精确的三维模型用于可视化和分析（张等人，2020）。在秀丽隐杆线虫合子的前核相遇后，该方案被用于膜和染色体的3D重建（Rahman等，2020）。
[背景技术]线虫是自由生活线虫具有许多特性，使其适合于科学的研究：（1）将蠕虫是〜1毫米长; ...
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| Generating Three-dimensional Human Granulomas in vitro to Study Mycobacterium tuberculosis-host Interaction
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Author:
Date:
2020-11-20
[Abstract] Granulomas are organized multicellular structures that constitute the hallmark of an infection by the human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). A better understanding of the complex host-Mtb interactions within the granuloma’s environment may lead to new therapeutic or preventive tools to improve the control of the tuberculosis pandemic. To date, several in vitro models that are able to mimic human nascent granulomas have been reported. Here we describe a protocol in which Mtb-infected human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are embedded within a collagen matrix leading to the formation of three-dimensional micro-granulomas. Subsequently, PBMCs and Mtb can be retrieved allowing multiparametric readouts from both the host and the ...
[摘要] [摘要]肉芽肿是有组织的多细胞结构，构成了人类病原体结核分枝杆菌（Mtb ）感染的标志。对肉芽肿环境中复杂的宿主-Mtb相互作用的更好理解可能会导致新的治疗或预防工具，以改善对结核病大流行的控制。迄今为止，已经报道了几种能够模仿人类新生肉芽肿的体外模型。在这里我们描述一个协议，其中Mtb 被感染的人外周血单核细胞（PBMC）嵌入胶原蛋白基质中，导致形成三维微肉芽肿。随后，可以检索PBMC和Mtb，从而从宿主和病原体中读取多参数。除了并入生理性细胞外基质外，该模型还具有重现休眠样Mtb特征的独特优势，以及在免疫调节治疗下观察到的Mtb复苏的再生，其他已发表的体外实验方法尚未见报道。肉芽肿。
关键词：分枝杆菌，浴池erculosis，肉芽肿，主机，我ñ体外模型，休眠，复苏
[背景]结核病（TB）是一种空气传播的疾病，其包括由人类病原体肺和肺外感染结核分枝杆菌（Mtb的）。结核病在2019年估计造成150万人死亡（世卫组织，2019年），仍然是世界上最致命的传染病。结核病免疫发病机制的特点是形成了组织性的，称为肉芽肿的多细胞簇（Gengenbacher和Kaufmann，2012）。这些结构主要由被感染的和未感染的巨噬细胞的核心组成，周围是淋巴细胞边缘。肉芽肿内的敌对环境推动Mtb进入可能与疾病的潜在形式相关的缓慢或非复制性休眠状态。因此，Mtb休眠导致对针对分枝杆菌复制过程中活跃的代谢途径的抗生素的耐受性增加。 ...
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