| A Sensitive and Specific PCR-based Assay to Quantify Hepatitis B Virus Covalently Closed Circular (ccc) DNA while Preserving Cellular DNA
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Author:
Date:
2021-04-20
[Abstract] Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the major cause of liver diseases and liver cancer worldwide. After infecting hepatocytes, the virus establishes a stable episome (covalently closed circular DNA, or cccDNA) that serves as the template for all viral transcripts. Specific and accurate quantification of cccDNA is difficult because infected cells contain abundant replicative intermediates of HBV DNA that share overlapping sequences but arranged in slightly different forms. HBV cccDNA can be detected by Southern blot or qPCR methods which involve enzymatic digestion. These assays are laborious, have limited sensitivity, or require degradation of cellular DNA (which precludes simple normalization). The method described in this protocol, cccDNA inversion quantitative (cinq)PCR, instead uses a series ...
[摘要] [摘要]乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)是全球范围内肝脏疾病和肝癌的主要原因。感染肝细胞后,病毒建立起稳定的附加体(共价闭合的环状DNA或cccDNA),作为所有病毒转录本的模板。cccDNA的特异性和准确定量非常困难,因为被感染的细胞含有丰富的HBV DNA复制中间体,这些中间体共享重叠序列,但排列形式略有不同。HBV cccDNA可以通过涉及酶消化的Southern印迹或qPCR方法进行检测。这些测定费力,灵敏度有限或需要细胞DNA降解(无法进行简单的标准化)。该协议中描述的方法cccDNA反向定量(cinq)PCR,而是使用一系列限制性酶介导的水解和连接反应,将cccDNA转化为反向线性扩增子,该扩增子无法从其他形式的HBV DNA扩增或检测到。重要的是,细胞DNA在样品制备过程中仍可定量,从而可以进行标准化并显着提高精确度。另外,第二线性片段(源自酶消化HBV DNA基因组的单独区域,并以所有形式的HBV DNA存在)可用于同时定量总HBV水平。
图形摘要:
HBV的cccDNA和总HBV DNA的选择性检测使用cinqPCR (转载自涂等人,2020一)。
[背景]乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)是一种小的有包膜病毒,其encapsidates一个部分双链环状DNA基因组,所谓松弛环状(RC)的DNA。感染人肝细胞后,核衣壳被转运至细胞核,其中rcDNA基因组被转化为共价闭合的环状(ccc)DNA。这种游离形式是高度稳定的,并保持慢性HBV感染(Tu等人,2020b ...
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| A CRISPR Competition Assay to Identify Cancer Genetic Dependencies
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Author:
Date:
2020-07-20
[Abstract] The CRISPR/Cas9 system is a powerful tool for genome editing, wherein the RNA-guided nuclease Cas9 can be directed to introduce double-stranded breaks (DSBs) at a targeted locus. In mammalian cells, these DSBs are typically repaired through error-prone processes, resulting in insertions or deletions (indels) at the targeted locus. Researchers can use these Cas9-mediated lesions to probe the consequences of loss-of-function perturbations in genes of interest. Here, we describe an optimized protocol to identify specific genes required for cancer cell fitness through a CRISPR-mediated cellular competition assay. Identifying these genetic dependencies is of utmost importance, as they provide potential targets for anti-cancer drug development. This protocol provides researchers with a robust ...
[摘要] [摘要] CRISPR / Cas9系统是用于基因组编辑的强大工具,其中RNA引导的核酸酶Cas9可以直接在目标基因座处引入双链断裂(DSB)。在哺乳动物细胞中,这些DSB通常通过容易出错的过程进行修复,从而导致在目标基因座处插入或缺失(indel)。研究人员可以使用这些Cas9介导的病变来探究结果目标基因的功能丧失扰动。在这里,我们描述了一种优化的协议,可通过CRISPR介导的细胞竞争测定法来鉴定癌细胞适应性所需的特定基因。鉴定这些遗传依赖性至关重要,因为它们为抗癌药物的开发提供了潜在的靶标。该协议为研究人员提供了一种强大且可扩展的方法,以研究多种细胞系和癌症类型中的基因依赖性,并验证高通量或全基因组筛选的结果。
[背景] CRISPR / Cas9系统被认为已发展成为一种适应性的原核病毒防御系统(Mojica 等,2005; Makarova 等,2006)。它被发现后不久,就被研究人员选中,并进行了基因组编辑以供实验室使用(Doudna和Charpentier,2014年; Hsu 等人,2014年)。通过转基因表达Cas9核酸酶以及与靶序列互补的短链RNA(sgRNA),可以将双链断裂(DSB)引入各种细胞和生物体的目标位点(Cong 等,2013)。 ...
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