| Flow-cytometric Detection of Low-level Reactive Oxygen Species in Cell Lines and Primary Immune Cells
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Author:
Date:
2020-09-05
[Abstract] Depending on its concentration and cellular origin the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the organism serves a variety of functions. While high concentrations during an oxidative burst are used to fight pathogens, low to moderate amounts of ROS act as signaling molecules important for several physiological processes such as regulation of immune responses. The ROS-sensitive dye 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H2DCFDA) is an inexpensive and well-established tool for measuring intracellular ROS levels. However, it needs to be carefully controlled to be able to draw firm conclusions on the nature of ROS species produced and the cellular source of ROS generation such as the enzyme complex NADPH-oxidase 2 (NOX-2). In this protocol, a robust method to ...
[摘要] [摘要 ] 取决于其浓度和细胞来源，生物体中活性氧（ROS）的产生具有多种功能。虽然在氧化性爆发期间使用高浓度来对抗病原体，但低至中等量的ROS充当信号分子，对几种生理过程（例如免疫应答的调节）很重要。ROS敏感染料2'，7'-二氯二氢荧光素二乙酸酯（H 2 DCFDA）是一种用于测量细胞内ROS水平的廉价且行之有效的工具。但是，需要仔细控制它，以便能够对产生的ROS种类的性质和ROS产生的细胞来源（如酶复合物NADPH-氧化酶2（NOX-2））得出可靠的结论。在该协议中，使用H 2 DCFDA 确定低细胞内ROS产生的可靠方法已通过几种ROS特异性抑制剂和NOX-2特异性抑制剂的验证。在用感兴趣的ROS-诱导剂处理之前，用抑制剂或对照物质处理细胞。仅在治疗计划的最后30分钟内添加H 2 DCFDA。为了终止其转化，我们使用了ROS特异性抑制剂，直到通过FITC通道（例如：488 nm / Em ：519 nm）通过流式细胞仪进行分析。总之，该协议允许检测细胞系和原代免疫细胞（例如，分别为Mono Mac 6细胞和骨髓来源的树突状细胞）中与信号相关的细胞内ROS的产生。结合使用这种方法和特定的抑制剂，我们甚至能够验证NOX-2产生的与免疫调节信号相关的极少量的ROS。
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| Genomic Edition of Ashbya gossypii Using One-vector CRISPR/Cas9
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Author:
Date:
2020-06-20
[Abstract] The CRISPR/Cas9 system is a novel genetic tool which allows the precise manipulation of virtually any genomic sequence. In this protocol, we use a specific CRISPR/Cas9 system for the manipulation of Ashbya gossypii. The filamentous fungus A. gossypii is currently used for the industrial production of riboflavin (vitamina B2). In addition, A. gossypii produces other high-value compounds such as folic acid, nucleosides and biolipids. A large molecular toolbox is available for the genomic manipulation of this fungus including gene targeting methods, rapid assembly of heterologous expression modules and, recently, a one-vector CRISPR/Cas9 editing system adapted for A. gossypii that allows marker-free engineering strategies to be implemented. The CRISPR/Cas9 ...
[摘要] [摘要] CRISPR/Cas9系统是一种新的基因工具，可以精确地操作几乎所有的基因组序列。在这个协议中，我们使用一个特定的CRISPR/Cas9系统来操纵棉蚜。丝状真菌A.gossypii目前用于核黄素（vitamina B2）的工业生产。此外，棉蚜还产生其他高价值化合物，如叶酸、核苷和生物脂类。一个大型的分子工具箱可用于该真菌的基因组操作，包括基因靶向方法、异源表达模块的快速组装，以及最近一个适用于棉铃虫的单载体CRISPR/Cas9编辑系统，该系统允许实施无标记工程策略。CRISPR/Cas9系统包括RNA引导的DNA内切酶（Cas9）和与基因组靶区互补的引导RNA（gRNA）。Cas9核酸酶需要5′-NGG-3′三核苷酸，称为原间隔基序（PAM），在基因组靶区产生一个双链断裂（DSB），该断裂可以通过同源重组（HR）由合成的致突变供体DNA（dDNA）修复，从而引入一个特定的设计突变。适用于棉铃虫的CRISPR/Cas9系统极大地促进了这种工业真菌的基因组编辑。
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