| Preparing Immunolocalization Slides of Maize Meiotic Chromosomes for Three-dimensional Microscopy
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Author:
Date:
2020-07-20
[Abstract] The protocol provides fully detailed steps for preparing microscopic slides of acrylamide-embedded maize meiotic cells. This method is particularly useful for examining chromatin structure and chromosome arrangement without destroying the three-dimensional organization of the nucleus.
[摘要] [摘要] 该协议提供了制备丙烯酰胺包埋的玉米减数分裂细胞显微玻片的完整详细步骤。该方法对于检查染色质结构和染色体排列而不破坏细胞核的三维结构特别有用。
[背景] 减数分裂是一个动态过程,涉及同源染色体配对,突触和重组。用于研究减数分裂蛋白的定位和动力学的细胞学分析对于了解这些过程的细节至关重要。在许多显微载玻片制备方法中,空间染色质的组织受到机械加工或化学溶剂的破坏。在这里,我们描述了三维显微镜协议,以分析染色质结构和减数分裂蛋白的定位,而不会干扰核组织。
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| In vitro Crosslinking Reactions and Substrate Incorporation Assays for The Identification of Transglutaminase-2 Protein Substrates
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Author:
Date:
2020-06-20
[Abstract] Transglutaminase (TG2) catalyzes protein crosslinking between glutamyl and lysyl residues. Catalytic activity occurs via a transamidation mechanism resulting in the formation of isopeptide bonds. Since TG2-mediated transamidation is of mechanistic importance for a number of biological processes, assays that enable rapid and efficient identification and characterization of candidate substrates are an important first-step to uncovering the function of crosslinked proteins. Herein we describe an optimized and flexible protocol for in vitro TG2 crosslink reactions and substrate incorporation assays. We have previously employed these techniques in the identification of the protein high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) as a TG2 substrate. However, the protocol can be adapted for ...
[摘要] [摘要]转谷氨酰胺酶(TG2)催化谷氨酰和赖氨酰残基之间的蛋白质交联。催化活性通过转酰胺机制发生,导致异肽键的形成。由于TG2介导的transamidation是一些生物过程的机械重要性,检测,使快速和有效的识别和表征的候选底物是一个重要的第一步,以揭示交联蛋白的功能。在这里,我们描述了一个优化和灵活的协议,用于体外TG2交联反应和底物结合测定。我们以前曾采用这些技术在鉴定蛋白质高流动性基团盒1(HMGB1)作为TG2底物。然而,该协议可以适应任何候选转酰胺化底物的鉴定。
[背景]转谷氨酰胺酶(TG2)是转谷氨酰胺酶家族的成员,催化钙依赖性转酰胺化反应。转谷氨酰胺酶家族包括TG1-7和FXIIIa,以及带4.2的非催化活性成员,在蛋白质支架中发挥作用(Satchwell等,2009;Gundemir等,2012)。TG2在该家族中的独特之处在于,它是无处不在的表达和多向性功能;除了蛋白交联外,TG2还具有蛋白二硫异构酶(Hasegawa等,2003;Mastroberardino等,2006)、G蛋白(Nakaoka等,1994;Baek等,1996;Vezza等,1999)和激酶(Mishra和Murphy,2004;Mishra等,2006和2007)的功能。 蛋白质交联发生在与肽结合的谷氨酰残基(谷氨酰胺供体底物)的γ-羧酰胺基与赖氨酰残基(赖氨酸受体底物)的ϵ-氨基基之间,从而形成ϵ-(γ-谷氨酰)赖氨酸异肽键(Folk和Finlayson,1977)。交联反应的示意图如图1所示。 ...
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| Genomic Edition of Ashbya gossypii Using One-vector CRISPR/Cas9
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Author:
Date:
2020-06-20
[Abstract] The CRISPR/Cas9 system is a novel genetic tool which allows the precise manipulation of virtually any genomic sequence. In this protocol, we use a specific CRISPR/Cas9 system for the manipulation of Ashbya gossypii. The filamentous fungus A. gossypii is currently used for the industrial production of riboflavin (vitamina B2). In addition, A. gossypii produces other high-value compounds such as folic acid, nucleosides and biolipids. A large molecular toolbox is available for the genomic manipulation of this fungus including gene targeting methods, rapid assembly of heterologous expression modules and, recently, a one-vector CRISPR/Cas9 editing system adapted for A. gossypii that allows marker-free engineering strategies to be implemented. The CRISPR/Cas9 ...
[摘要] [摘要] CRISPR/Cas9系统是一种新的基因工具,可以精确地操作几乎所有的基因组序列。在这个协议中,我们使用一个特定的CRISPR/Cas9系统来操纵棉蚜。丝状真菌A.gossypii目前用于核黄素(vitamina B2)的工业生产。此外,棉蚜还产生其他高价值化合物,如叶酸、核苷和生物脂类。一个大型的分子工具箱可用于该真菌的基因组操作,包括基因靶向方法、异源表达模块的快速组装,以及最近一个适用于棉铃虫的单载体CRISPR/Cas9编辑系统,该系统允许实施无标记工程策略。CRISPR/Cas9系统包括RNA引导的DNA内切酶(Cas9)和与基因组靶区互补的引导RNA(gRNA)。Cas9核酸酶需要5′-NGG-3′三核苷酸,称为原间隔基序(PAM),在基因组靶区产生一个双链断裂(DSB),该断裂可以通过同源重组(HR)由合成的致突变供体DNA(dDNA)修复,从而引入一个特定的设计突变。适用于棉铃虫的CRISPR/Cas9系统极大地促进了这种工业真菌的基因组编辑。
[背景] ...
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