| Plant ARGONAUTE Protein Immunopurification for Pathogen Cross Kingdom Small RNA Analysis
|
|
Author:
Date:
2021-02-05
[Abstract] Over the last decade, it has been noticed that microbial pathogens and pests deliver small RNA (sRNA) effectors into their host plants to manipulate plant physiology and immunity for infection, known as cross kingdom RNA interference. In this process, fungal and oomycete parasite sRNAs hijack the plant ARGONAUTE (AGO)/RNA-induced silencing complex to post-transcriptionally silence host target genes. We hereby describe the methodological details of how we recovered cross kingdom sRNA effectors of the oomycete pathogen Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis during infection of its host plant Arabidopsis thaliana. This Bio-protocol contains two parts: first, a detailed description on the procedure of plant AGO/sRNA co-immunopurification and sRNA recovery for Illumina high throughput sequencing ...
[摘要] [摘要]在过去的十年中，已经注意到，微生物病原体和害虫将小RNA（sRNA）效应子传递到宿主植物中，以操纵植物生理学和免疫力，称为跨界RNA干扰。在此过程中，真菌和卵菌寄生虫sRNA劫持了植物ARGONAUTE（AGO）/ RNA诱导的沉默复合体，以转录后沉默宿主靶基因。我们在此描述方法学的细节，我们如何在宿主植物拟南芥感染期间恢复卵菌病原体拟南芥的跨界sRNA效应子。该生物协议包含两个部分：第一，关于植物AGO / sRNA co- 免疫纯化和sRNA回收，用于Illumina高通量测序分析。其次，我们解释了如何进行生物信息学小号斯尔纳序列分析读取可使用Galaxy服务器。原则上，该协议适用于研究来自多种宿主植物和植物相互作用（微生物）的AGO结合的sRNA。
[背景]小RNA（sRNA）可以充当病原体效应物，劫持植物ARGONAUTE（AGO）/ RNA诱导的沉默复合物（RISC），并使宿主mRNA沉默以进行感染，这种病毒被称为跨界RNA干扰的毒力机制（Weiberg等。，2015； Zeng等，2019）。分析感染期间与植物AGO结合的sRNA的库是一种选择方法，以全面了解可能通过宿主AGO / RISC起作用的植物入侵性病原体sRNA。基于抗体的植物AGO / ...
|
|
|
| Preparation of Yeast tRNA Sample for NMR Spectroscopy
|
|
Author:
Date:
2020-06-20
[Abstract] Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) are heavily decorated with post-transcriptional modifications during their biosynthesis. To fulfil their functions within cells, tRNAs undergo a tightly controlled biogenesis process leading to the formation of mature tRNAs. In addition, functions of tRNAs are often modulated by their modifications. Although the biological importance of post-transcriptional RNA modifications is widely appreciated, methods to directly detect their introduction during RNA biosynthesis are rare and do not easily provide information on the temporal nature of events. To obtain information on the tRNA maturation process, we have developed a methodology, using NMR as a tool to monitor tRNA maturation in a non-disruptive and continuous fashion in cellular extracts. By following the ...
[摘要] [摘要 ] 转移RNA（tRNA ）在其生物合成过程中大量修饰有转录后修饰。为了在细胞内履行其功能，tRNA 经历了严格控制的生物生成过程，导致了成熟的tRNA 的形成。此外，tRNA的功能通常是虽然转录后修饰RNA的生物学重要性被广泛理解，方法直接检测它们的RNA生物合成过程中引入是罕见的，并且不容易提供上events.To的时间特性信息获取的信息的tRNA 成熟 在此过程中，我们开发了一种方法，使用NMR作为监测细胞提取物中tRNA 成熟的无中断和连续方式。通过模型酵母tRNA 的时间分辨NMR 成熟，我们发现修饰是该方法的实施需要对具有不同修饰状态的tRNA 样品进行NMR光谱学分析，以鉴定各个修饰的NMR特征。此处将介绍用于NMR光谱分析修饰途径的tRNA 样品的生产，并在酵母tRNA Phe 上进行例证，但可以通过更改构建体的序列扩展到其他tRNA 。该方案描述了未修饰的生产通过体外转录获得tRNA 样品，并通过在大肠杆菌中重组表达tRNA 产生修饰的tRNA 样品。大肠杆菌。
[背景 ] 在生活的各个领域，合成和RNA的成熟包括在特定地点的核苷酸的转录后的化学修饰。在不同的RNA家族，tRNA基因不仅显示最高多种化学修饰，而且密度最高每转录修饰（〜中经修饰的核苷酸8-25％的tRNA 各种生物体的）（Boccaletto ...
|
|
|
| Preparation of HeLa Total Membranes and Assay of Lipid-inhibition of Serine Palmitoyltransferase Activity
|
|
Author:
Date:
2020-06-20
[Abstract] Serine palmitoyltranferase (SPT) is a pyridoxal 5′ phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the first and rate-limiting step of de novo synthesis of sphingolipids. SPT activity is homeostatically regulated in response to increased levels of sphingolipids. This homeostatic regulation of SPT is mediated through small ER membrane proteins termed the ORMDLs. Here we describe a procedure to assay ORMDL dependent lipid inhibition of SPT activity. The assay of SPT activity using radiolabeled L-serine was developed from the procedure established by the Hornemann laboratory. The activity of SPT can also be measured using deuterated L-serine but it requires mass spectrometry, which consumes money, time and instrumentation. The ORMDL dependent lipid inhibition of SPT activity can be ...
[摘要] [摘要] 丝氨酸Palmitoyltranferase （SPT）是吡哆醛5 ' 磷酸（PLP）依赖酶催化第一和限速步骤中从头合成鞘脂。SPT活动是Homeostatically调控响应水平的提高鞘脂。这SPT的稳态调节是通过小ER膜蛋白介导称为ORMDLs。在这里，我们描述了一种方法用放射性标记的L-丝氨酸以测定SPT活性的SPT活性。测定的ORMDL依赖性抑制脂质从由规定的程序被开发Hornemann 实验室。 SPT的活性也可以使用氘化的L-丝氨酸进行测定，但需要进行质谱分析，这会耗费金钱，时间和仪器。可以在细胞和无细胞系统中研究ORMDL依赖性脂质对SPT活性的抑制作用。在这里，我们提供了详细的协议来测量存在短链（C8-神经酰胺）或长链神经酰胺（C24-神经酰胺）时SPT活性。该协议的最大优势之一我们通过在HeLa细胞膜中提供外源鞘氨醇和24：1酰基辅酶A通过内源性神经酰胺合酶生成长链神经酰胺来实现这一目标。需要精密的仪器。
[背景 ] 丝氨酸palmit oyltranferase （SPT）是一种多亚基酶是在真核生物和原核生物一些广泛表达（花田等人，1997; Ikushiro 。等人，2001; Hornemann 等人，2007）.The ...
|
|
|