| Imaging Microtubules in vitro at High Resolution while Preserving their Structure
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Author:
Date:
2021-04-05
[Abstract] Microtubules (MT) are the most rigid component of the cytoskeleton. Nevertheless, they often appear highly curved in the cellular context and the mechanisms governing their overall shape are poorly understood. Currently, in vitro microtubule analysis relies primarily on electron microscopy for its high resolution and Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy for its ability to image live fluorescently-labelled microtubules and associated proteins. For three-dimensional analyses of microtubules with micrometer curvatures, we have developed an assay in which MTs are polymerized in vitro from MT seeds adhered to a glass slide in a manner similar to conventional TIRF microscopy protocols. Free fluorescent molecules are removed and the MTs are fixed by perfusion. The MTs can ...
[摘要] [摘要]微管(MT)是细胞骨架中最刚性的组成部分。然而,它们在细胞环境中经常显得高度弯曲,并且控制它们整体形状的机理了解甚少。当前,体外微管分析主要依靠电子显微镜进行高分辨率分析,而全内反射荧光(TIRF )显微镜则可以对活的荧光标记的微管和相关蛋白进行成像。为了对具有微米曲率的微管进行三维分析,我们开发了一种在体外聚合MT的检测方法 用类似于常规TIRF显微镜操作规程的方式将MT种子的MT粘附到载玻片上。除去游离的荧光分子,并通过灌注固定MTs。然后可以使用带有Airyscan模块的共聚焦显微镜观察MT,以获得更高的分辨率。该协议允许对保留其原始三维形状并与高分辨率免疫荧光检测兼容的微管进行成像。 [背景]微管(MT)是通过异源二聚体的组合制成的聚合物α和β微管蛋白,并且是细胞骨架的主要成分。他们参与了细胞功能的基本机制,如有丝分裂,细胞内转运,胞质分裂和细胞形态的维持(Akhmanova和Steinmetz,2015)。尽管MT本身具有很高的刚性,但它们通常会在细胞中弯曲并产生一些蛋白,从而弯曲微管(Brangwynne等人,2006; Bechstedt等人,2014; Leung等人,2020; Cuveillier等人,2020 ...
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| Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) to Assess Histone Marks in Auxin-treated Arabidopsis thaliana Inflorescence Tissue
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Author:
Date:
2020-12-05
[Abstract] Chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled with quantitative PCR (ChIP-qPCR) or high-throughput sequencing (ChIP-seq) has become the gold standard for the identification of binding sites of DNA binding proteins and the localization of histone modification on a locus-specific or genome-wide scale, respectively. ChIP experiments can be divided into seven critical steps: (A) sample collection, (B) crosslinking of proteins to DNA, (C) nuclear extraction, (D) chromatin isolation and fragmentation by sonication, (E) immunoprecipitation of histone marks by appropriate antibodies, (F) DNA recovery, and (G) identification of precipitated protein-associated DNA by qPCR or high-throughput sequencing. Here, we describe a time-efficient protocol that can be used for ChIP-qPCR experiments to study the ...
[摘要] [摘要]染色质免疫沉淀与定量PCR(ChIP -qPCR)或高通量测序(ChIP-seq )结合已成为鉴定DNA结合蛋白结合位点和在特定基因座上定位组蛋白修饰的金标准。或全基因组规模。ChIP实验可分为七个关键步骤:(A)样品收集,(B)蛋白质与DNA交联,(C)核提取,(D)染色质分离和f 超声处理的碎片化;(E)通过适当的抗体对组蛋白标记的免疫沉淀;(F)DNA的回收;(G)通过qPCR或高通量测序鉴定沉淀的蛋白质相关DNA。在这里,我们描述了一种可用于ChIP -qPCR实验的省时协议,以研究模型植物拟南芥幼花序中组蛋白修饰的定位。
[背景]真核基因组中的染色体中,其与组蛋白DNA结合形成染色质组织的。组蛋白与DNA之间的紧密相互作用阻碍了DNA与其他因素的可及性。因此,组蛋白相对于重要调控DNA序列的位置和组蛋白-DNA接触的强度可以隐藏或暴露提供另一层基因调控的基因。在染色质中,组蛋白和DNA均可被化学修饰(Zhou等,2010 ;Schübeler ,2015)。根据修饰的物理性质,染色质状态可以阻止或增强基础基因的转录(Kouzarides ,2007; Yang等,2014; Wu等,2015)。在植物中,染色质的表观遗传状态已被证明是响应发育或环境刺激的基因表达的关键决定因素(Yang等人,2014 ; Wu等人,2015 ; ...
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| Measurement of Ascorbic Acid and Glutathione Content in Cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803
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Author:
Date:
2020-10-20
[Abstract] Ascorbic acid (AsA) and gluthathione (GSH) are two key components of the antioxidant machinery of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. The cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 presents both compounds in different concentrations (AsA, 20-100 μM and GSH, 2-5 mM). Therefore, it is important to have precise and sensitive methods to determine the redox status in the cell and to detect variations in this antioxidants. In this protocol, we describe an improved method to estimate the content of both antioxidants (in their reduced and oxidized forms) from the same sample obtained from liquid cultures of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803.
[摘要] [摘要] 抗坏血酸(AsA)和明胶硫(GSH)是真核细胞和原核细胞抗氧化机制的两个重要组成部分。蓝藻Synechocystis sp.pcc6803以不同浓度(AsA,20-100μM和GSH,2-5mm)呈现这两种化合物。因此,有精确和敏感的方法来确定细胞中的氧化还原状态和检测这种抗氧化剂的变化是很重要的。在该方案中,我们描述了一种改进的方法,用以从Synechocystis sp.pcc6803的液体培养中获得的同一样品中估算两种抗氧化剂(以还原形式和氧化形式)的含量。 [背景] 细胞中的氧化还原状态可以被多种因素改变,产生氧化应激。我们使用该方案来量化暴露于50℃高温下的Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803中的GSH和AsA含量。如拟南芥所述,热胁迫导致抗氧化剂含量下降,并通过铁作用引起细胞死亡(Distefano et al., 2017;Aguilera等人,2019年预印本)。虽然本方案是针对Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803制定的,但也可用于测定其他蓝藻中GSH和AsA的含量。蓝藻中AsA含量很低,正常条件下uM含量在一定范围内,某些处理下pM含量在一定范围内。因此,我们提出了这个敏感的方法与一个改进的细胞裂解程序。
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