| Quantitative Measurement of Mucolytic Enzymes in Fecal Samples
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Author:
Date:
2021-03-20
[Abstract] The mucus layer in the gastrointestinal tract covers the apical surface of intestinal epithelial cells, protecting the mucosal tissue from enteric pathogen and commensal microorganisms. The mucus is primarily composed of glycosylated protein called mucins, which are produced by goblet cells, a type of columnar epithelial cells in the intestinal tract. Defective mucin barrier facilitates infection caused by enteric pathogen and triggers inflammation due to invasion of commensal or opportunistic pathogens into the intestinal epithelial mucosa. Several bacterial species in the gut produce enzymes that are capable of degradation of the mucus. Defective mucin production or increased abundance of mucolytic bacteria are clinically linked to inflammatory bowel disease. Measurement of mucolytic ...
[摘要] [摘要]胃肠道粘液层覆盖了肠上皮细胞的顶端表面,保护了粘膜组织免受肠道病原体和共生微生物的侵害。粘液主要由称为粘蛋白的糖基化蛋白组成,其由杯状细胞产生,杯状细胞是肠道中的一种柱状上皮细胞。缺陷性粘蛋白屏障促进由肠道病原体引起的感染并由于共生或机会病原体侵入肠道上皮粘膜而引发炎症。在肠道中几种细菌物种产生的酶即能够降解的 黏液 临床上,粘蛋白产生缺陷或粘液溶解细菌丰度增加与炎症性肠病有关。因此,粪便中粘液溶解酶的测定可能与肠道疾病的临床和实验研究有关。在这里,我们描述了粪便样品中粘液分解酶活性的分步测量方法。
[背景]胃肠道(GI)是数万亿个微生物的家园,这些微生物在生理过程中发挥着不同的功能(Sommer和Backhed ,2011年)。共生肠道菌群过程未消化的食物,提供能量,营养物质和维生素,激活的免疫系统,和防止病原体感染肠道粘膜组织(圆形和Mazmanian ,2009;皮卡德等人。,2017)。尽管有这些有益的作用,但是当肠道共生微生物有机会对肠道上皮屏障进行定殖并侵入粘膜组织时,它们仍可能是机会病原体。然而,整个肠道上皮细胞顶表面上方的凝胶状粘液层确保了共生微生物与肠道粘膜组织的物理分离,并有助于维持肠道的稳态(Pullan等,1994;Linden等,2008;Landen等,2008;Landen等,2008)。Atuma等,2011 ...
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| Superresolution Microscopy of Drosophila Indirect Flight Muscle Sarcomeres
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Author:
Date:
2020-06-20
[Abstract] Sarcomeres are extremely highly ordered macromolecular assemblies where proper structural organization is an absolute prerequisite to the functionality of these contractile units. Despite the wealth of information collected, the exact spatial arrangement of many of the H-zone and Z-disk proteins remained unknown. Recently, we developed a powerful nanoscopic approach to localize the sarcomeric protein components with a resolution well below the diffraction limit. The ease of sample preparation and the near crystalline structure of the Drosophila flight muscle sarcomeres make them ideally suitable for single molecule localization microscopy and structure averaging. Our approach allowed us to determine the position of dozens of H-zone and Z-disk proteins with a quasi-molecular, ...
[摘要] [摘要] 肉瘤是高度有序的大分子组装体,其中适当的结构组织是这些可收缩单位功能的绝对前提。尽管收集到大量信息,但许多H区和Z盘蛋白的确切空间排列最近未知的是,我们开发了一种强大的纳米方法来定位肌氨酸蛋白成分,其分辨率远低于衍射极限。样品制备的简便性和果蝇的近晶体结构 飞行肌肉瘤使其非常适合单分子定位显微镜检查和结构平均。我们的方法使我们能够以大约5-10 nm的准分子定位精度确定数十个H区和Z盘蛋白的位置。下文所述的协议为制备用于dSTORM成像的单个肌原纤维提供了一种简便且可重现的方法,此外还包括对定制的免费提供的软件工具箱的深入描述,以处理和定量分析原始定位数据。
[背景 ] 肉瘤的结构已通过X射线晶体学以及各种EM方法进行了详细研究,从而形成了来自许多物种的细丝和粗丝的准原子模型。尽管如此,这些检查取得了很好的结果对于肌动蛋白-肌球蛋白重叠区的了解,I带和H区复合物的空间排列仍是未知之数。荧光超分辨率显微镜(也称为纳米显微镜)的最新进展提供了远低于衍射极限的空间分辨率。值得注意的是,单分子定位显微镜(SMLM)可以非常高精度地提供多蛋白复合物的定位图,实际上达到了单个蛋白的大小分辨率(Sigal et al。,2018)。
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