| Bacterial Lawn Avoidance and Bacterial Two Choice Preference Assays in Caenorhabditis elegans
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Author:
Date:
2020-05-20
[Abstract] Physical avoidance of pathogens is a crucial defense strategy used by the host to reduce pathogen infection. Hosts display the use of multiple strategies to sense and avoid pathogens, ranging from olfaction to sensing of damage caused by pathogen infection. Understanding various mechanisms of pathogen avoidance has the potential to uncover conserved host defense responses that are important against pathogen infections. Here, we describe protocols for studying pathogen lawn avoidance behavior as well as a change of bacterial preferences in the model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Besides, we describe the protocol for measuring preferences for pathogenic and nonpathogenic bacteria after training of the animals on pathogenic bacteria. These assays can be implemented in ...
[摘要] [摘要 ] 物理避免病原体是宿主减少病原体感染的关键防御策略。主持人展示了使用多种策略来感知和避免病原体,从嗅觉到感知由病原体感染引起的损害。了解避免病原体的各种机制有可能揭示保守的宿主防御反应,这些反应对病原体感染很重要。在这里,我们描述协议研究线虫秀丽隐杆线虫模型中的病原体避免草坪行为以及细菌偏好的变化的协议 。此外,我们描述了在病原菌上对动物进行训练后测量病原性和非病原性细菌偏好的协议。这些测定法可用于发现宿主学习的各种机制,从而避免病原体。
[背景 ] 一种宿主使用多个策略来抵御病原体感染(Medzhitov 等人,2012)。物理规避病原体是宿主使用的各种防御策略之一(Medzhitov 等,2012;Kavaliers 等,2019; Singh和Aballay ,2020)。在检测到细菌毒素后,不同的感觉机制(包括化学感受和伤害感受神经元引起的疼痛诱发)会导致回避行为。对导致病原体回避的机制的更深入了解,有可能揭示保守的宿主防御反应,这些反应对病原体感染很重要。
线虫秀丽隐杆线虫已被广泛用于理解病原体回避行为和相关学习。秀丽隐杆线虫似乎使用多种机制来了解导致逃避行为的诱因的病原体(Singh和Aballay ,2020年)。秀丽隐杆线虫可以感知细菌代谢产物(Tran 等,2017)以及核心细胞活动的扰动(Melo ...
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| Molecular Size Analysis of Recombinant Importin-histone Complexes Using Analytical Ultracentrifugation
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Author:
Date:
2020-05-20
[Abstract] Histones constitute the protein components of nucleosomes. Despite their small sizes, histones do not diffuse through the nuclear pore complex. Instead, they are transported to the nucleus by importins, either alone or in complex with histone chaperones. Determining the molecular size of the importin-histone complexes is key to understanding the mechanism of histone transport and also the potential roles of importins as histone chaperones and in the assembly of nucleosomes. Here we report a simple and reproducible sedimentation-velocity based method to determine the molecular sizes of importin-histone complexes using analytical ultracentrifugation. The method does not use any reporter tags or interaction with column resin thereby analyzing the interactions of the native proteins.
[摘要] [摘要] 组蛋白构成核小体的蛋白质成分。尽管其尺寸很小,但组蛋白不会通过核孔复合物扩散。取而代之的是,它们单独或与组蛋白分子伴侣复合地被重要蛋白转运至细胞核。确定importin-histone复合物的分子大小是理解组蛋白转运机制的关键,也是importins作为组蛋白伴侣和在核小体组装中的潜在作用的关键。在这里,我们报告了一种简单且可重现的沉降速度为基础的方法,该方法使用分析超速离心法来确定importin-histone配合物的分子大小。该方法不使用任何报告子标签或与色谱柱树脂的相互作用,从而分析了天然蛋白质的相互作用。
[背景] 核小体是真核染色质的最基本的结构和功能单元。组蛋白H2A,H2B,H3和H 4是核小体的蛋白质成分。每个核包括147个碱基的DNA wrapp的对编绕Ñ H3-H4四聚体和H2A-H2B二聚体的两个拷贝(Luger的等人,1997年一)。像细胞中的其他蛋白质一样,组蛋白在细胞质中合成。然而,核小体组装在核中。尽管它们的小尺寸(单体是10-15 kDa)的,组蛋白不通过核孔复合物扩散,而是可以单独使用或在复合物与由组蛋白importins伴侣输送要么(约翰逊-SAL IBA 等人,2000 ; Baake 等等人,2001;Mosammaparast 等人,2001,2002a和2002b;Muhlhausser ...
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