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Sodium chloride (NaCl)

Company: Fisher BioReagents
Catalog#: BP358-1
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A Workflow for Ultra-rapid Analysis of Histone Post-translational Modifications with Direct-injection Mass Spectrometry
Author:
Date:
2020-09-20
[Abstract]  Chromatin modifications, like histone post translational modifications (PTMs), are critical for tuning gene expression and many other aspects of cell phenotype. Liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) has become the most suitable method to analyze histones and histone PTMs in a large-scale manner. Selected histone PTMs have known functions, and their aberrant regulation is linked to a wide variety of diseases, including cancer. However, histone analysis is scarcely used in diagnostics, partially due to the limited throughput and not ideal reproducibility of LC-MS based analysis. We describe a workflow that allows for high-throughput sample preparation is less than a day using 96-well plates. Following preparation, samples are sprayed into MS without LC, using an ... [摘要]  [抽象]像组蛋白翻译后修饰(PTM)一样,染色质修饰对于调节基因表达和细胞表型的许多其他方面至关重要。液相色谱-质谱联用(LC-MS)已成为最适合大规模分析组蛋白和组蛋白PTM的方法。选定的组蛋白PTM具有已知功能,其异常调节与包括癌症在内的多种疾病有关。但是,组蛋白分析很少用于诊断中,部分是由于通量有限且基于LC-MS的分析的重现性不理想。我们描述了一种使用96孔板进行少于一天的高通量样品制备的工作流程。制备后,使用自动直接进样(DI-MS)方法将样品喷雾到无LC的MS中。每次分析都可以通过45个PTM(甲基化,乙酰化和磷酸化(共151个组蛋白标记)和16个未修饰的组蛋白肽进行组蛋白变体的相对定量。由于没有残留或基于LC的批处理效应,该工作流程允许MS运行少于1分钟,并具有更高的重现性和耐用性。最后,我们描述了一种工程化的肽序列,用于精确监控样品制备的效率,可以在DI-MS运行期间检测到该效率。

[背景] 组蛋白是具有球形头部和N末端尾巴的碱性蛋白质,富含精氨酸和赖氨酸残基。一对典型的组蛋白H2A,H2B,H3和H4(称为核心组蛋白)形成一个八聚体,其周围147 ...

FRET Reporter Assays for cAMP and Calcium in a 96-well Format Using Genetically Encoded Biosensors Expressed in Living Cells
Author:
Date:
2020-06-05
[Abstract]  Stimulation of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) by hormones and neurotransmitters elicits cellular responses, many of which result from alterations in the concentrations of cytosolic cAMP and Ca2+. Here, we describe a microplate reader fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) assay that uses the genetically encoded biosensors H188 and YC3.60 so that it is possible to monitor the kinetics with which alterations of [cAMP] or [Ca2+] occur in monolayers or suspensions of living cells exposed to GPCR agonists. This protocol uses HEK293 cell lines doubly transfected with a FRET biosensor and a recombinant GPCR of interest (e.g., glucagon receptors, CCK2 receptors, or NPY2R receptors). The protocol allows for rapid screening of small molecule GPCR ... [摘要]  [摘要] 激素和神经递质刺激G蛋白偶联受体(GPCR)引起细胞反应,其中许多是由于胞质cAMP和Ca 2+ 浓度的变化所致。在这里,我们描述了酶标仪的荧光共振能量转移使用遗传编码的生物传感器H188和YC3.60进行FRET)分析,从而可以监测暴露于GPCR激动剂的活细胞的单层或悬浮液中[cAMP]或[Ca 2+ ]发生变化的动力学。该协议使用FRET 生物传感器和感兴趣的重组GPCR 双重转染的HEK293细胞系(例如 ,胰高血糖素受体,CCK 2 受体或NPY2R受体)。该方案可快速筛选小分子GPCR 激动剂和拮抗剂,它还可用于发现具有GPCR活化作用的合成单,双和三激动肽。属性。

[背景] 活细胞荧光共振能量转移(FRET)分析结合显微镜和数字成像技术通常用于监测cAMP和Ca 2+的水平响应GPCR激动剂刺激而波动的动力学。另一种不使用显微镜的方法,而是使用自动荧光分光光度计和活细胞的单层或悬浮液,以96孔格式基于FRET的cAMP和Ca 2+ 的检测。该方案使用基因编码的生物传感器,以实现平均动力学可以在已知浓度应用GPCR激动剂的条件下,使用酶标仪实时获得药理研究数据。这些FRET分析使用稳定表达cAMP生物传感器H188(Klarenbeek 等人,2015 )或Ca的细胞系2+ 生物传感器YC3.60(Nagai ...

Bacterial Lawn Avoidance and Bacterial Two Choice Preference Assays in Caenorhabditis elegans
Author:
Date:
2020-05-20
[Abstract]   Physical avoidance of pathogens is a crucial defense strategy used by the host to reduce pathogen infection. Hosts display the use of multiple strategies to sense and avoid pathogens, ranging from olfaction to sensing of damage caused by pathogen infection. Understanding various mechanisms of pathogen avoidance has the potential to uncover conserved host defense responses that are important against pathogen infections. Here, we describe protocols for studying pathogen lawn avoidance behavior as well as a change of bacterial preferences in the model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Besides, we describe the protocol for measuring preferences for pathogenic and nonpathogenic bacteria after training of the animals on pathogenic bacteria. These assays can be implemented in ... [摘要]  [摘要 ] 物理避免病原体是宿主减少病原体感染的关键防​​御策略。主持人展示了使用多种策略来感知和避免病原体,从嗅觉到感知由病原体感染引起的损害。了解避免病原体的各种机制有可能揭示保守的宿主防御反应,这些反应对病原体感染很重要。在这里,我们描述协议研究线虫秀丽隐杆线虫模型中的病原体避免草坪行为以及细菌偏好的变化的协议 。此外,我们描述了在病原菌上对动物进行训练后测量病原性和非病原性细菌偏好的协议。这些测定法可用于发现宿主学习的各种机制,从而避免病原体。

[背景 ] 一种宿主使用多个策略来抵御病原体感染(Medzhitov 等人,2012)。物理规避病原体是宿主使用的各种防御策略之一(Medzhitov 等,2012;Kavaliers 等,2019; Singh和Aballay ,2020)。在检测到细菌毒素后,不同的感觉机制(包括化学感受和伤害感受神经元引起的疼痛诱发)会导致回避行为。对导致病原体回避的机制的更深入了解,有可能揭示保守的宿主防御反应,这些反应对病原体感染很重要。

线虫秀丽隐杆线虫已被广泛用于理解病原体回避行为和相关学习。秀丽隐杆线虫似乎使用多种机制来了解导致逃避行为的诱因的病原体(Singh和Aballay ,2020年)。秀丽隐杆线虫可以感知细菌代谢产物(Tran 等,2017)以及核心细胞活动的扰动(Melo ...

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