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Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)

Company: Sigma
Catalog#: E9884
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A Spectrofluorophotometrical Method Based on Fura-2-AM Probe to Determine Cytosolic Ca2+ Level in Pseudomonas syringae Complex Bacterial Cells
Author:
Date:
2021-03-20
[Abstract]  

Calcium signaling is an emerging mechanism by which bacteria respond to environmental cues. To measure the intracellular free-calcium concentration in bacterial cells, [Ca2+]i, a simple spectrofluorometric method based on the chemical probe Fura 2-acetoxy methyl ester (Fura 2-AM) is here presented using Pseudomonad bacterial cells. This is an alternative and quantitative method that can be completed in a short period of time with low costs, and it does not require the induction of heterologously expressed protein-based probes like Aequorin. Furthermore, it is possible to verify the properties of membrane channels involved in Ca2+ entry from the extracellular matrix. This method is in particular valuable for measuring [Ca2+]i in the range of 0.1-39.8 µM in small cells like those of

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[摘要]  [摘要]钙信号传导是细菌对环境线索作出反应的一种新兴机制。为了测量细菌细胞中细胞内游离钙的浓度,在此使用假单胞菌细菌细胞,提出一种基于化学探针Fura 2-乙酰氧基甲基酯(Fura 2-AM)的简单分光荧光法[Ca 2+ ] i 。这是一种可替代的定量方法,可在短时间内以低成本完成,并且不需要诱导异源表达的基于蛋白质的探针(如水母发光蛋白)。此外,有可能验证参与Ca 2+从细胞外基质进入的膜通道的特性。该方法对于在像原核生物一样的小细胞中测量[Ca 2+ ] i在0.1-39.8 µM范围内特别有价值。

[背景] Ca 2+是一种新兴的细菌细胞内信使,会影响多种细胞过程,例如维持细胞完整性,细胞分裂(Dominguez等人,2015),运动性(Tisa和Alder,1995;Gode-Potratz等人,2010;Cruz等人,2012;Guragain等人,2013; Parker等人,2015;Fishman等人,2018 ),III型分泌物(DeBord等人,2003;Dasgupta等人,2003)。 ,2006; Gode-Potratz等,2010; Fi shman等,2018),基因表达(Dominguez等,2015),群体感应(Werthén和Lundgren,2001),生物膜形成(Patrauchan等,, 2001)。 2005年; ...

In vitro Crosslinking Reactions and Substrate Incorporation Assays for The Identification of Transglutaminase-2 Protein Substrates
Author:
Date:
2020-06-20
[Abstract]  Transglutaminase (TG2) catalyzes protein crosslinking between glutamyl and lysyl residues. Catalytic activity occurs via a transamidation mechanism resulting in the formation of isopeptide bonds. Since TG2-mediated transamidation is of mechanistic importance for a number of biological processes, assays that enable rapid and efficient identification and characterization of candidate substrates are an important first-step to uncovering the function of crosslinked proteins. Herein we describe an optimized and flexible protocol for in vitro TG2 crosslink reactions and substrate incorporation assays. We have previously employed these techniques in the identification of the protein high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) as a TG2 substrate. However, the protocol can be adapted for ... [摘要]  [摘要]转谷氨酰胺酶(TG2)催化谷氨酰和赖氨酰残基之间的蛋白质交联。催化活性通过转酰胺机制发生,导致异肽键的形成。由于TG2介导的transamidation是一些生物过程的机械重要性,检测,使快速和有效的识别和表征的候选底物是一个重要的第一步,以揭示交联蛋白的功能。在这里,我们描述了一个优化和灵活的协议,用于体外TG2交联反应和底物结合测定。我们以前曾采用这些技术在鉴定蛋白质高流动性基团盒1(HMGB1)作为TG2底物。然而,该协议可以适应任何候选转酰胺化底物的鉴定。

[背景]转谷氨酰胺酶(TG2)是转谷氨酰胺酶家族的成员,催化钙依赖性转酰胺化反应。转谷氨酰胺酶家族包括TG1-7和FXIIIa,以及带4.2的非催化活性成员,在蛋白质支架中发挥作用(Satchwell等,2009;Gundemir等,2012)。TG2在该家族中的独特之处在于,它是无处不在的表达和多向性功能;除了蛋白交联外,TG2还具有蛋白二硫异构酶(Hasegawa等,2003;Mastroberardino等,2006)、G蛋白(Nakaoka等,1994;Baek等,1996;Vezza等,1999)和激酶(Mishra和Murphy,2004;Mishra等,2006和2007)的功能。
蛋白质交联发生在与肽结合的谷氨酰残基(谷氨酰胺供体底物)的γ-羧酰胺基与赖氨酰残基(赖氨酸受体底物)的ϵ-氨基基之间,从而形成ϵ-(γ-谷氨酰)赖氨酸异肽键(Folk和Finlayson,1977)。交联反应的示意图如图1所示。 ...

Mouse Adipose Tissue Protein Extraction
Author:
Date:
2020-06-05
[Abstract]  As obesity becomes a global epidemic, the metabolism research field is increasingly focusing on studying the physiological and pathological roles of adipose tissues (AT). However, extracting proteins from AT is challenging due to abundant fat content of intracellular lipid droplets. Several commercial kits for extraction of AT proteins are available, as are protocols (such as the RELi protocol as well as other protein precipitation protocols). The protocols have been introduced to improve the quality and yield of extractions, but these methods either increase the cost or involve multiple steps. Herein, we describe a detailed protocol for mouse AT protein extractions based on our daily laboratory practice. This protocol requires only very common reagents and instruments, and can be ... [摘要]  [摘要 ] 随着肥胖成为全球性流行病,新陈代谢研究领域越来越集中于研究脂肪组织(AT)的生理和病理作用。然而,由于细胞内脂质滴中脂肪含量丰富,从AT中提取蛋白质具有挑战性。可提供用于提取AT蛋白的商业试剂盒,以及方案(例如RELi 该协议已被引入以提高提取的质量和产量,但是这些方法要么增加了成本,要么涉及多个步骤。在此,我们描述了一种基于小鼠AT蛋白提取的详细协议我们的日常实验室操作。该方案仅需非常通用的试剂和仪器即可完成,可在90-120分钟内完成并提供良好的总蛋白质含量回收率。因此,该方案是一种经济诱人,省时且高效的提取方法。来自AT的蛋白质。

[背景 ] 研究脂肪组织(AT)以解决与肥胖症病理生理学相关的问题通常涉及分析AT蛋白质。然而,AT蛋白质样品中的脂质污染严重影响蛋白质定量的准确性,蛋白质印迹图像的质量以及样品处理下游应用对。为了最大限度地减少脂质污染,商业试剂盒已被开发,如分TM 总蛋白提取试剂盒对脂肪组织/脂肪细胞培养S(发明生物技术公司,2017年)。中号矿全面协议的目标是减少脂肪含量,如过量的脂质(的去除RELI )协议(迪亚兹马林等人,2019)和三氯乙酸(TCA)为基础的蛋白质沉淀法(Benbdelkamel 等人,2018)。尽管提高提取质量已经证实利用在上述过程中,这些方法的缺点也很明显:利用可商购的试剂盒 ...

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