| Using RNA Sequencing and Spike-in RNAs to Measure Intracellular Abundance of lncRNAs and mRNAs
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Author:
Date:
2020-10-05
[Abstract] Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play essential roles in normal physiology and in disease but their mechanisms of action can be challenging to identify. For mechanistic studies, it is often useful to know a lncRNA’s intracellular abundance, i.e., approximately how many molecules of the lncRNA are present in a typical cell of a cell-type of interest. At least two approaches have been used to approximate lncRNA intracellular abundance: single-molecule sensitivity RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (smFISH) and single-gene, calibrated reverse-transcription followed by quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). However, like all experimental approaches, these methods have their limitations. smFISH, when analyzed using diffraction-limited microscopy, can underestimate intracellular ...
[摘要] [摘要]长非编码RNA（lncRNA）在正常生理和疾病中起着至关重要的作用，但其作用机理可能难以鉴定。对于机理研究，了解lncRNA的胞内丰度（即在目标细胞类型的典型细胞中大约存在多少个lncRNA分子）通常很有用。至少两种方法已用于估算lncRNA细胞内丰度：单分子敏感性RNA荧光原位杂交（smFISH ...
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| Isolation and Quantification of Extracellular DNA from Biofluids
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Author:
Date:
2020-08-20
[Abstract] Extracellular DNA is studied as a diagnostic biomarker, but also as a factor involved in the pathophysiology of several diseases due to its pro-inflammatory properties. Extracellular DNA can be extracted from plasma, urine, saliva or other biofluids using standard DNA isolation procedures and specialized commercial kits. Sample preparation for isolation is important, freezing and thawing may affect the amount of extracellular DNA extracted. Subsequent centrifugations remove cells and cell debris from the samples to obtain true extracellular DNA. Small volume of samples especially from animal experiments is often an issue and it affects the DNA yield. Very short fragments (˂ 100 bp) can be lost during isolation and are difficult to quantify using PCR. Fluorometric methods asses all stained ...
[摘要] [摘要 ] 研究细胞外DNA作为一种诊断性生物标志物，但由于其具有促炎性，也可以作为多种疾病的病理生理因素。可以使用标准DNA分离程序和专门的商业试剂盒从血浆，尿液，唾液或其他生物流体中提取细胞外DNA。样品制备对于分离非常重要，冷冻和解冻可能会影响提取的细胞外DNA的量。随后的离心去除样品中的细胞和细胞碎片，以获得真正的细胞外DNA。少量样品尤其是动物实验样品常常是一个问题，它会影响DNA产量。片段很短（˂ 100 bp）在分离过程中可能会丢失，并且难以使用PCR进行定量。荧光法评估所有染色的DNA片段。选择定量细胞外DNA的方法至关重要，并且至少两种方法的组合是理想的。程序的标准化或至少在研究论文中的报告对于比较结果至关重要。
[背景 ] 胞外DNA通常被称为无细胞DNA是所有DNA的一个术语发现特别是在诊断生物流体细胞外。血浆DNA最早是由Mandel和Metais （1948）发现的。后来人们对所谓的液体活检的研究激发了人们对细胞外DNA研究的兴趣，液体活检作为无创筛选和诊断的基于DNA的生物标志物的来源（Poon和Lo，2001）。相同的胞外DNA，然而，也参与炎性疾病，如败血症的病理生理学（Lauková 等人，2017） ，急性肾损伤（詹森等人，2017）和急性肝衰竭（Vokálová ...
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| HIV-CRISPR: A CRISPR/Cas9 Screening Method to Identify Genes Affecting HIV Replication
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Author:
Date:
2020-05-05
[Abstract] Screening with CRISPR/Cas9 technology has already led to significant discoveries in the fields of cancer biology, cell biology and virology. Because of the relatively low false discovery rates and the ability to perform high-throughput, pooled approaches, it has rapidly become the assay of choice for screening studies, including whole-genome screens. Here, we describe a CRISPR screening protocol that allows for efficient screening of the entire life cycle of HIV-1 through packaging of the HIV-CRISPR lentiviral genomes by infecting HIV-1 virus in trans.
[摘要] [摘要 ] CRISPR / Cas9技术的筛选已经在癌症生物学，细胞生物学和病毒学领域引起了重大发现。由于相对较低的错误发现率和执行高通量，合并方法的能力，它发展迅速。成为筛选研究（包括全基因组筛选）的首选检测方法。在此，我们描述了一种CRISPR筛选方案，该方案可通过感染HIV-CRISPR慢病毒基因组来包装，从而有效筛选HIV-1的整个生命周期。病毒1 在 跨。
[背景] 遗传筛选是鉴定影响包括人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）在内的病毒复制的新基因的有力工具。鉴定对HIV感染重要的宿主基因有助于增强对HIV复制，进化，传播和发病机制的认识，这是关键利益所在。特别是在过去十年中，通常是干扰素（IFN）刺激基因（ISG）的HIV限制因子的发现已成为逆转录病毒学领域的关键发展。限制因子已集中在过度表达筛选上，以鉴定作用广泛的抗病毒ISG （Schoggins 等，2011）或专门针对HIV的因子（Kane 等，2016）。通过转染对HIV限制因子进行了全基因组筛选siRNA的池池在靶细胞（刘等人，2011年）。然而，这些方法缺乏稳健性，Versa的钛Lity，和高通量方面 因此，我们使用CRISPR / Cas9技术开发了一种创新的ap 方法，并依靠HIV交叉包装通过CRISPR / Cas9文库转导的细胞中表达的慢病毒基因组的能力（OhAinle ...
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