| Screening Method for CRISPR/Cas9 Inhibition of a Human DNA Virus: Herpes Simplex Virus
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Author:
Date:
2020-09-05
[Abstract] The efficiency of cleavage of individual CRISPR/Cas9-sgRNAs remains difficult to predict based on the CRISPR target sequence alone. Different intracellular environments (dependent on cell type or cell cycle state for example) may affect sgRNA efficiency by altering accessibility of genomic DNA through DNA modifications such as epigenetic marks and DNA-binding proteins (e.g., histones) as well as alteration of the chromatin state of genomic DNA within the nucleus.
We recently reported a multi-step screening method for the identification of efficient sgRNAs targeting the Herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) genome and reported a differential mechanism for viral inhibition by CRISPR-Cas9 in the latent versus lytic phase. The screening platform detailed in this protocol allows ...
[摘要] [摘要 ] 单独基于CRISPR靶序列仍难以预测单个CRISPR / Cas9-sgRNA的切割效率。不同的细胞内环境(例如,取决于细胞类型或细胞周期状态)可能会通过DNA修饰(例如表观遗传标记和DNA结合蛋白(例如组蛋白))和染色质状态的改变来改变基因组DNA的可及性,从而影响sgRNA效率。核内基因组DNA的标记。
我们recen TLY 报道的多步骤方法筛选用于有效sgRNAs靶向的识别的单纯疱疹病毒(HSV-1)的基因组,并报告为在潜对裂解病毒相抑制CRISPR-Cas9的差动机构。该协议中详述的筛选平台允许在无细胞系统中以及在病毒靶细胞(例如人包皮成纤维细胞)的背景下逐步测试切割效率,然后对CRISPR / sgRNA的作用进行功能测试病毒蛋白的表达,复制,和再活化。该策略可以容易地应用于其他靶细胞,例如多能干细胞衍生的人感觉神经元或其他人DNA病毒。
背景 ] 单纯疱疹病毒(HSV)是的一种嗜神经性DNA病毒疱疹病毒科家族引起终身和无法治愈感染在大多数人群的,并可能导致显著发病率和死亡率(Liesegang环等人,1989; Roizman 等人。,2013) ...
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| In vivo Mouse Mammary Gland Formation
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Author:
Date:
2020-07-05
[Abstract] For years, the mammary gland serves as a perfect example to study the self-renew and differentiation of adult stem cells, and the regulatory mechanisms of these processes as well. To assess the function of given genes and/or other factors on stemness of mammary cells, several In vitro assays were developed, such as mammospheres formation assay, detection of stem cell markers by mRNA expression or flow cytometry and so on. However, the capacity of reconstruction of whole mount in the cleared fat pad of recipient female mice is a golden standard to estimate the stemness of the cells. Here we described a step-by-step protocol for in vivo mammary gland formation assay, including preparation of “cleared” recipients and mammary cells for implantation, the surgery process and ...
[摘要] [摘要 ] 多年来,乳腺一直是研究成体干细胞的自我更新和分化以及这些过程的调控机制的完美例证。为了评估给定的基因和/或其他因素对乳腺细胞的干性,有几个函数体外测定法开发出来,如微球体由mRNA表达形成试验,干细胞标志物的检测或流式细胞术等。然而,在雌性小鼠清除的脂肪垫中整个坐骨的重建能力是估计细胞干性的黄金标准。在这里,我们描述了体内的分步操作方案 乳腺形成测定,包括准备“清除”的受体和用于植入的乳腺细胞,手术过程以及如何评估实验结果。结合通过基因编辑和/或药物处理对乳腺细胞的操作,该方案在乳腺干细胞和乳腺发育的研究中可能非常有用。
[背景 ] 作为哺乳动物最典型的器官之一,乳腺(MG)是外分泌腺,负责泌乳。MG的发育受某些性激素的控制,这些激素的水平精确地调节了MG在不同发育阶段的结构,细胞组成和功能变化(Henigighausen and Robinson,2005)。许多遗传和环境因素都参与了乳腺干细胞的调控和MG的发育。为了研究这些因素的功能和机理,已经开发了几种方法,特别是用于评估乳腺细胞的干性。先前的研究表明,只有MG的基底细胞而非管腔细胞能够在受体雌性小鼠清除的脂肪垫中重建上皮树,这表明乳腺干细胞仅存在于基底谱系中(Van Keymeulen 等,2011)。 )。后来,包括我们在内的许多研究发现了乳腺干细胞的几种标志物(Prater ...
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| Colorimetric RhoB GTPase Activity Assay
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Author:
Date:
2020-05-05
[Abstract] The Ras homologous protein (Rho) GTPase subfamily, including RhoA, RhoB, and RhoC are small molecules (~21 kDa) that act as molecular switches in a wide range of signaling pathways to orchestrate biological processes associated with both physiological and tumorigenic cellular states. The Rho GTPases are crucial regulators of actin cytoskeleton rearrangements and FA dynamics and are required for effective cell migration and invasion, as well as cell cycle progression and apoptosis. The Rho GTPases activity is regulated by conformational switching between GTP-bound (active) and GDP-bound (inactive) states. This GTP/GDP cycling is tightly controlled by the guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), which function as activators by catalyzing the exchange of GDP for GTP and by the ...
[摘要] [摘要] 包括RhoA,RhoB和RhoC在内的Ras同源蛋白(Rho)GTPase亚家族是小分子(〜21 kDa ),在广泛的信号传导途径中充当分子开关,以协调与生理和致瘤细胞状态相关的生物学过程。该Rho GTP酶是至关重要的调节肌动蛋白细胞骨架重排和FA动态和所需要的有效细胞迁移和侵袭,以及细胞周期进程和凋亡,其Rho GTP酶的活动是监管下的构象之间切换GTP结合(有源)和GDP -- GTP / GDP循环受鸟嘌呤核苷酸交换因子(GEF)严格控制,鸟嘌呤核苷酸交换因子(GEF)通过催化GTP的GDP交换和GTPase激活蛋白(GAP)来激活,从而实现水解作用。导致Rho GTPase失活的GTP 的详细信息。在此,我们描述了执行RhoB G-LISA活化测定以检测体外GTP负载的RhoB的水平的详细协议。这是第一个专门用于测量RhoB活化的比色测定。该方法是通过改编RhoA G-LISA激活检测试剂盒(Cytoskeleton,Inc.)而开发的,可在不到3 小时的时间内精确测量RhoB活性,这种快速方法可广泛用于评估GTP负载的RhoB 的水平在任何种类的细胞模型中,要了解RhoB激活在生理过程,疾病,致癌转化中的作用或在高通量筛选中发现药物的作用。
[背景 ] 尽管Rho GTP酶的RhoA,RhoB的,和RhoC占有率超过85 ...
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