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Author:
Date:
2020-07-05
[Abstract] For years, the mammary gland serves as a perfect example to study the self-renew and differentiation of adult stem cells, and the regulatory mechanisms of these processes as well. To assess the function of given genes and/or other factors on stemness of mammary cells, several In vitro assays were developed, such as mammospheres formation assay, detection of stem cell markers by mRNA expression or flow cytometry and so on. However, the capacity of reconstruction of whole mount in the cleared fat pad of recipient female mice is a golden standard to estimate the stemness of the cells. Here we described a step-by-step protocol for in vivo mammary gland formation assay, including preparation of “cleared” recipients and mammary cells for implantation, the surgery process and ...
[摘要] [摘要 ] 多年来,乳腺一直是研究成体干细胞的自我更新和分化以及这些过程的调控机制的完美例证。为了评估给定的基因和/或其他因素对乳腺细胞的干性,有几个函数体外测定法开发出来,如微球体由mRNA表达形成试验,干细胞标志物的检测或流式细胞术等。然而,在雌性小鼠清除的脂肪垫中整个坐骨的重建能力是估计细胞干性的黄金标准。在这里,我们描述了体内的分步操作方案 乳腺形成测定,包括准备“清除”的受体和用于植入的乳腺细胞,手术过程以及如何评估实验结果。结合通过基因编辑和/或药物处理对乳腺细胞的操作,该方案在乳腺干细胞和乳腺发育的研究中可能非常有用。
[背景 ] 作为哺乳动物最典型的器官之一,乳腺(MG)是外分泌腺,负责泌乳。MG的发育受某些性激素的控制,这些激素的水平精确地调节了MG在不同发育阶段的结构,细胞组成和功能变化(Henigighausen and Robinson,2005)。许多遗传和环境因素都参与了乳腺干细胞的调控和MG的发育。为了研究这些因素的功能和机理,已经开发了几种方法,特别是用于评估乳腺细胞的干性。先前的研究表明,只有MG的基底细胞而非管腔细胞能够在受体雌性小鼠清除的脂肪垫中重建上皮树,这表明乳腺干细胞仅存在于基底谱系中(Van Keymeulen 等,2011)。 )。后来,包括我们在内的许多研究发现了乳腺干细胞的几种标志物(Prater ...
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Author:
Date:
2020-05-05
[Abstract] Recognition of antigens by lymphocytes (B, T, and NK) on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell (APC) leads to lymphocyte activation and the formation of an immunological synapse between the lymphocyte and the APC. At the immunological synapse APC membrane and associated membrane proteins can be transferred to the lymphocyte in a process called trogocytosis. The detection of trogocytosed molecules provides insights to the activation state, antigen specificity, and effector functions and differentiation of the lymphocytes. Here we outline our protocol for identifying trogocytosis-positive CD4+ T cells in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, antigen presenting cells are surface biotinylated and pre-loaded with magnetic polystyrene beads before incubating for ...
[摘要] [摘要 ] 抗原呈递细胞(APC)表面的淋巴细胞(B,T和NK)识别抗原会导致淋巴细胞活化并在淋巴细胞和APC之间形成免疫突触。在免疫突触处APC膜和相关的膜蛋白可以转移调用Trogocytosis到淋巴细胞的过程。检测Trogocytosed分子提供见解的激活状态,抗原特异性和效应器功能和差异的淋巴细胞。这里我们列出了我们的协议,用于识别Trogocytosis CD4阳性Tasu 性T细胞在体外和体内。体外,抗原呈递细胞是表面 生物素化并预装磁性聚苯乙烯珠,然后与体外活化的CD4 + T细胞胚细胞(90分钟)或幼稚T细胞(3-24小时)短时间孵育。阳性(trog + )细胞可通过链霉亲和素染色来筛选经生物素化的经转钙蛋白的APC膜蛋白,然后立即或在随后的孵育后通过流式细胞仪分析其激活表型,效应子功能和效应子的分化,例如,可以鉴定出嗜光细胞的阳性细胞。以前的研究已经描述了分析T细胞嗜光性的方法,以鉴定抗原特异性细胞或被细胞识别的抗原表位。使用当前方案,嗜光性对单个T细胞的影响或能力trog + T细胞调节其他免疫细胞的激活和功能的能力可在一个扩展范围内进行评估 ed时间段。
[背景 ] Trogocytosis是质膜和膜相关分子的细胞间转移。这种现象已在免疫细胞相互作用的分析中得到了广泛研究,并已观察到包括向CD4 +的转移(Wetzel 等,2005; ...
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