| Preparation of Yeast tRNA Sample for NMR Spectroscopy
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Author:
Date:
2020-06-20
[Abstract] Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) are heavily decorated with post-transcriptional modifications during their biosynthesis. To fulfil their functions within cells, tRNAs undergo a tightly controlled biogenesis process leading to the formation of mature tRNAs. In addition, functions of tRNAs are often modulated by their modifications. Although the biological importance of post-transcriptional RNA modifications is widely appreciated, methods to directly detect their introduction during RNA biosynthesis are rare and do not easily provide information on the temporal nature of events. To obtain information on the tRNA maturation process, we have developed a methodology, using NMR as a tool to monitor tRNA maturation in a non-disruptive and continuous fashion in cellular extracts. By following the ...
[摘要] [摘要 ] 转移RNA（tRNA ）在其生物合成过程中大量修饰有转录后修饰。为了在细胞内履行其功能，tRNA 经历了严格控制的生物生成过程，导致了成熟的tRNA 的形成。此外，tRNA的功能通常是虽然转录后修饰RNA的生物学重要性被广泛理解，方法直接检测它们的RNA生物合成过程中引入是罕见的，并且不容易提供上events.To的时间特性信息获取的信息的tRNA 成熟 在此过程中，我们开发了一种方法，使用NMR作为监测细胞提取物中tRNA 成熟的无中断和连续方式。通过模型酵母tRNA 的时间分辨NMR 成熟，我们发现修饰是该方法的实施需要对具有不同修饰状态的tRNA 样品进行NMR光谱学分析，以鉴定各个修饰的NMR特征。此处将介绍用于NMR光谱分析修饰途径的tRNA 样品的生产，并在酵母tRNA Phe 上进行例证，但可以通过更改构建体的序列扩展到其他tRNA 。该方案描述了未修饰的生产通过体外转录获得tRNA 样品，并通过在大肠杆菌中重组表达tRNA 产生修饰的tRNA 样品。大肠杆菌。
[背景 ] 在生活的各个领域，合成和RNA的成熟包括在特定地点的核苷酸的转录后的化学修饰。在不同的RNA家族，tRNA基因不仅显示最高多种化学修饰，而且密度最高每转录修饰（〜中经修饰的核苷酸8-25％的tRNA 各种生物体的）（Boccaletto ...
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| Assessing in vitro and in vivo Trogocytosis By Murine CD4+ T cells
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Author:
Date:
2020-05-05
[Abstract] Recognition of antigens by lymphocytes (B, T, and NK) on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell (APC) leads to lymphocyte activation and the formation of an immunological synapse between the lymphocyte and the APC. At the immunological synapse APC membrane and associated membrane proteins can be transferred to the lymphocyte in a process called trogocytosis. The detection of trogocytosed molecules provides insights to the activation state, antigen specificity, and effector functions and differentiation of the lymphocytes. Here we outline our protocol for identifying trogocytosis-positive CD4+ T cells in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, antigen presenting cells are surface biotinylated and pre-loaded with magnetic polystyrene beads before incubating for ...
[摘要] [摘要 ] 抗原呈递细胞（APC）表面的淋巴细胞（B，T和NK）识别抗原会导致淋巴细胞活化并在淋巴细胞和APC之间形成免疫突触。在免疫突触处APC膜和相关的膜蛋白可以转移调用Trogocytosis到淋巴细胞的过程。检测Trogocytosed分子提供见解的激活状态，抗原特异性和效应器功能和差异的淋巴细胞。这里我们列出了我们的协议，用于识别Trogocytosis CD4阳性Tasu 性T细胞在体外和体内。体外，抗原呈递细胞是表面 生物素化并预装磁性聚苯乙烯珠，然后与体外活化的CD4 + T细胞胚细胞（90分钟）或幼稚T细胞（3-24小时）短时间孵育。阳性（trog + ）细胞可通过链霉亲和素染色来筛选经生物素化的经转钙蛋白的APC膜蛋白，然后立即或在随后的孵育后通过流式细胞仪分析其激活表型，效应子功能和效应子的分化，例如，可以鉴定出嗜光细胞的阳性细胞。以前的研究已经描述了分析T细胞嗜光性的方法，以鉴定抗原特异性细胞或被细胞识别的抗原表位。使用当前方案，嗜光性对单个T细胞的影响或能力trog + T细胞调节其他免疫细胞的激活和功能的能力可在一个扩展范围内进行评估 ed时间段。
[背景 ] Trogocytosis是质膜和膜相关分子的细胞间转移。这种现象已在免疫细胞相互作用的分析中得到了广泛研究，并已观察到包括向CD4 +的转移（Wetzel 等，2005； ...
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