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Author:
Date:
2021-02-20
[Abstract] Precise genome engineering has become a commonplace technique for metabolic engineering. Also, insertion, deletion and alteration of genes and other functional DNA sequences are essential for understanding and engineering cells. Several techniques have been developed to this end (e.g., CRISPR/Cas-assisted methods, homologous recombination, or λ Red recombineering), yet most of them rely on the use of auxiliary plasmids, which have to be cured after the editing procedure. Temperature-sensitive replicons, counter-selectable markers or repeated passaging of plasmid-bearing cells have been traditionally employed to circumvent this hurdle. While these protocols work reasonably well in some bacteria, they are not applicable for other species or are time consuming and laborious. Here, we present ...
[摘要] [摘要]精确的基因组工程已成为代谢工程的一种普遍技术。同样,基因和其他功能性DNA序列的插入,缺失和改变对于理解和改造细胞也是必不可少的。几种技术已经发展到该端部(例如,CRISPR / CAS-辅助方法,同源重组,或 λ 红色重组),但其中大多数依赖于辅助质粒的使用,必须在编辑程序后将其固化。传统上已采用对温度敏感的复制子,反向选择标记或带有质粒的细胞的重复传代来规避这一障碍。尽管这些协议在某些细菌中可以很好地发挥作用,但它们不适用于其他物种,或者既费时又费力。在这里,我们提出了快速和通用的荧光假单胞菌荧光标记辅助基因组编辑协议,然后通过用户控制的质粒复制干净固化辅助质粒。一种荧光标记有助于鉴定基因组编辑的菌落,而第二种报道分子能够检测无质粒的细菌克隆。该协议不仅是用于假单胞菌物种的最快方法,而且可以轻松地适应任何类型的基因组修饰,包括序列删除,插入和替换。
图形概要:
带有可治愈质粒的假单胞菌的快速基因组工程
[背景]靶向,精确的基因组操纵技术已经大大推进了微生物工程领域。这样的方法不仅允许评估基因型与表型的关系,而且使微生物细胞工厂的复杂工程化成为可能。近年来,CRISPR / Cas9方法为真核生物的精确基因组工程铺平了道路。在细菌中,CRISPR / ...
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Author:
Date:
2020-05-05
[Abstract] Recognition of antigens by lymphocytes (B, T, and NK) on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell (APC) leads to lymphocyte activation and the formation of an immunological synapse between the lymphocyte and the APC. At the immunological synapse APC membrane and associated membrane proteins can be transferred to the lymphocyte in a process called trogocytosis. The detection of trogocytosed molecules provides insights to the activation state, antigen specificity, and effector functions and differentiation of the lymphocytes. Here we outline our protocol for identifying trogocytosis-positive CD4+ T cells in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, antigen presenting cells are surface biotinylated and pre-loaded with magnetic polystyrene beads before incubating for ...
[摘要] [摘要 ] 抗原呈递细胞(APC)表面的淋巴细胞(B,T和NK)识别抗原会导致淋巴细胞活化并在淋巴细胞和APC之间形成免疫突触。在免疫突触处APC膜和相关的膜蛋白可以转移调用Trogocytosis到淋巴细胞的过程。检测Trogocytosed分子提供见解的激活状态,抗原特异性和效应器功能和差异的淋巴细胞。这里我们列出了我们的协议,用于识别Trogocytosis CD4阳性Tasu 性T细胞在体外和体内。体外,抗原呈递细胞是表面 生物素化并预装磁性聚苯乙烯珠,然后与体外活化的CD4 + T细胞胚细胞(90分钟)或幼稚T细胞(3-24小时)短时间孵育。阳性(trog + )细胞可通过链霉亲和素染色来筛选经生物素化的经转钙蛋白的APC膜蛋白,然后立即或在随后的孵育后通过流式细胞仪分析其激活表型,效应子功能和效应子的分化,例如,可以鉴定出嗜光细胞的阳性细胞。以前的研究已经描述了分析T细胞嗜光性的方法,以鉴定抗原特异性细胞或被细胞识别的抗原表位。使用当前方案,嗜光性对单个T细胞的影响或能力trog + T细胞调节其他免疫细胞的激活和功能的能力可在一个扩展范围内进行评估 ed时间段。
[背景 ] Trogocytosis是质膜和膜相关分子的细胞间转移。这种现象已在免疫细胞相互作用的分析中得到了广泛研究,并已观察到包括向CD4 +的转移(Wetzel 等,2005; ...
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