| Magnet-assisted Flow Cytometry of in vivo Tumors to Quantitate Cell-specific Responses to Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
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Author:
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2020-11-20
[Abstract] A clear understanding of nanoparticle interactions with living systems at the cellular level is necessary for developing nanoparticle-based therapeutics. Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles provide unique opportunities to study these interactions because of their responsiveness to magnetic fields. This enables sorting of cells containing nanoparticles from in vivo models. Once sorted, flow cytometry can identify individual cell types, which can be further analyzed for iron content, gene or protein expression changes associated with nanoparticle uptake, and for other biological responses at a molecular level. Here we provide a detailed protocol to sort and identify cells in the tumor microenvironment that have internalized magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles following intravenous ...
[摘要] [摘要] 在开发基于纳米颗粒的治疗方法时,必须对纳米颗粒与生物系统在细胞水平上的相互作用有一个清晰的了解。磁性氧化铁纳米颗粒因其对磁场的响应性而提供了研究这些相互作用的独特机会。这使得能够从体内模型中筛选出包含纳米颗粒的细胞。排序后,流式细胞仪可以识别单个细胞类型,然后可以进一步分析其铁含量,与纳米颗粒摄取相关的基因或蛋白质表达变化以及分子水平的其他生物学反应。在这里,我们提供了详细的协议,用于在静脉内给药后分类和鉴定肿瘤微环境中具有内在磁性氧化铁纳米颗粒的细胞。 [背景]几种基于纳米颗粒的抗癌药物已在临床上使用,因为它们已显示出对诊断,抗癌药物传递和热疗的安全性和有效性(Marchal等,2015 ;Wu等,2015)。然而,在我们对癌症纳米医学的理解上仍然存在重大差距,主要是因为纳米颗粒与免疫细胞之间相互作用的细节仍然未知。其他人和我们已经将纳米粒子免疫细胞的相互作用确定为影响体内纳米粒子命运和在肿瘤中保留的关键变量(Sheen等人,2014;Zanganeh等人,2016; ...
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| A CRISPR Competition Assay to Identify Cancer Genetic Dependencies
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Author:
Date:
2020-07-20
[Abstract] The CRISPR/Cas9 system is a powerful tool for genome editing, wherein the RNA-guided nuclease Cas9 can be directed to introduce double-stranded breaks (DSBs) at a targeted locus. In mammalian cells, these DSBs are typically repaired through error-prone processes, resulting in insertions or deletions (indels) at the targeted locus. Researchers can use these Cas9-mediated lesions to probe the consequences of loss-of-function perturbations in genes of interest. Here, we describe an optimized protocol to identify specific genes required for cancer cell fitness through a CRISPR-mediated cellular competition assay. Identifying these genetic dependencies is of utmost importance, as they provide potential targets for anti-cancer drug development. This protocol provides researchers with a robust ...
[摘要] [摘要] CRISPR / Cas9系统是用于基因组编辑的强大工具,其中RNA引导的核酸酶Cas9可以直接在目标基因座处引入双链断裂(DSB)。在哺乳动物细胞中,这些DSB通常通过容易出错的过程进行修复,从而导致在目标基因座处插入或缺失(indel)。研究人员可以使用这些Cas9介导的病变来探究结果目标基因的功能丧失扰动。在这里,我们描述了一种优化的协议,可通过CRISPR介导的细胞竞争测定法来鉴定癌细胞适应性所需的特定基因。鉴定这些遗传依赖性至关重要,因为它们为抗癌药物的开发提供了潜在的靶标。该协议为研究人员提供了一种强大且可扩展的方法,以研究多种细胞系和癌症类型中的基因依赖性,并验证高通量或全基因组筛选的结果。
[背景] CRISPR / Cas9系统被认为已发展成为一种适应性的原核病毒防御系统(Mojica 等,2005; Makarova 等,2006)。它被发现后不久,就被研究人员选中,并进行了基因组编辑以供实验室使用(Doudna和Charpentier,2014年; Hsu 等人,2014年)。通过转基因表达Cas9核酸酶以及与靶序列互补的短链RNA(sgRNA),可以将双链断裂(DSB)引入各种细胞和生物体的目标位点(Cong 等,2013)。 ...
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| Methodology for in vitro Assessment of Human T Cell Activation and Blockade
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Author:
Date:
2020-06-05
[Abstract] Methods to test both the functionality and mechanism of action for human recombinant proteins and antibodies in vitro have been limited by multiple factors. To test the functionality of a recombinant protein or antibody, the receptor, the receptor-associated ligand, or both must be expressed by the cells present within the in vitro culture. While the use of transfected cell lines can circumvent this gap, the use of transfected cell lines does not allow for studying the native signaling pathway(s) modulated by the specific recombinant protein or antibody in primary cells. The present protocol utilizes sort purified CD14+ monocytes and T cells, both CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells, from healthy donors in a co-culture system. This methodology ...
[摘要] [摘要 ] 在体外测试人重组蛋白和抗体的功能和作用机理的方法受到多种因素的限制。要测试重组蛋白或抗体的功能,是受体,受体相关配体或两者它必须由体外培养物中存在的细胞表达,尽管使用转染的细胞系可以规避这一差距,但使用转染的细胞系并不能研究由特定重组蛋白或重组蛋白调控的天然信号通路(S)。抗体原代细胞,本协议利用排序纯化的CD14 Tasu 单核细胞和T细胞,这两种CD4 Tasu T细胞和CD8 Tasu T细胞,从他ALTH Ÿ 的捐助方共培养体系。这种方法特别相关的测试重组镨大肠菌素或抗体,是用于治疗自身免疫性疾病和癌症的推定疗法。目前的研究方案着重于含有B7-H4表达蛋白的共培养物 上皮细胞加上自体CD4 + T细胞或CD8 + T细胞,可以根据用户的特定需求修改方案。
背景 ] 临床使用检查点抑制剂治疗的,例如,抗CTLA-4和抗PD-1,已被证明可用作癌症治疗以增强抗肿瘤的免疫应答(柯伦等人,2010; 顾彬等等人,2014年),尽管在一线治疗失败的患者中获得成功,但仅约20%的接受治疗的患者对检查点抑制剂抗体治疗产生了反应,这种对患者无效的治疗可能是多因素的,也可能反映了特定类型。患者向临床医生提出的癌症( Podojil等人,2020)。肿瘤细胞中存在的肿瘤细胞和单核细胞/巨噬细胞表达B7- ...
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