| A CRISPR Competition Assay to Identify Cancer Genetic Dependencies
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Author:
Date:
2020-07-20
[Abstract] The CRISPR/Cas9 system is a powerful tool for genome editing, wherein the RNA-guided nuclease Cas9 can be directed to introduce double-stranded breaks (DSBs) at a targeted locus. In mammalian cells, these DSBs are typically repaired through error-prone processes, resulting in insertions or deletions (indels) at the targeted locus. Researchers can use these Cas9-mediated lesions to probe the consequences of loss-of-function perturbations in genes of interest. Here, we describe an optimized protocol to identify specific genes required for cancer cell fitness through a CRISPR-mediated cellular competition assay. Identifying these genetic dependencies is of utmost importance, as they provide potential targets for anti-cancer drug development. This protocol provides researchers with a robust ...
[摘要] [摘要] CRISPR / Cas9系统是用于基因组编辑的强大工具,其中RNA引导的核酸酶Cas9可以直接在目标基因座处引入双链断裂(DSB)。在哺乳动物细胞中,这些DSB通常通过容易出错的过程进行修复,从而导致在目标基因座处插入或缺失(indel)。研究人员可以使用这些Cas9介导的病变来探究结果目标基因的功能丧失扰动。在这里,我们描述了一种优化的协议,可通过CRISPR介导的细胞竞争测定法来鉴定癌细胞适应性所需的特定基因。鉴定这些遗传依赖性至关重要,因为它们为抗癌药物的开发提供了潜在的靶标。该协议为研究人员提供了一种强大且可扩展的方法,以研究多种细胞系和癌症类型中的基因依赖性,并验证高通量或全基因组筛选的结果。
[背景] CRISPR / Cas9系统被认为已发展成为一种适应性的原核病毒防御系统(Mojica 等,2005; Makarova 等,2006)。它被发现后不久,就被研究人员选中,并进行了基因组编辑以供实验室使用(Doudna和Charpentier,2014年; Hsu 等人,2014年)。通过转基因表达Cas9核酸酶以及与靶序列互补的短链RNA(sgRNA),可以将双链断裂(DSB)引入各种细胞和生物体的目标位点(Cong 等,2013)。 ...
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| Evaluation of the Efficiency of Genome Editing Tools by a Frameshift Fluorescence Protein Reporter
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Author:
Date:
2020-05-20
[Abstract] In the last decade, genome editing has been the center of attention as a novel tool for mechanistic investigations and for potential clinical applications. Various genome editing tools like meganucleases, zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector-based nucleases (TALEN), and the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-associated genes (Cas), have been developed in recent years. For the optimal use as well as continued developments of these genome editing tools, the evaluation of their efficiencies and accuracies is vital. Here, we present a protocol for a reporter based on frameshift fluorescence protein which we recently developed to evaluate the efficiency and accuracy of genome editing tools. In this method, a ~20 bp target sequence ...
[摘要] [摘要] 在过去的十年中,基因组编辑作为一种机制研究和潜在临床应用的新工具已成为关注的焦点。近年来,已开发出各种基因组编辑工具,例如大范围核酸酶,锌指核酸酶(ZFN),转录激活子样基于效应子的核酸酶(TALEN)以及成簇的规则间隔的短回文重复序列(CRISPR)相关基因(Cas)。 。对于这些基因组编辑工具的最佳使用和持续发展,评估其效率和准确性至关重要。在这里,我们介绍了一种基于移码荧光蛋白的报告子方案,我们最近开发了该方案以评估效率和 基因组编辑工具的实用性。在这种方法中,在天蓝色荧光蛋白(CFP)的起始密码子后插入一个约20 bp的包含移码的靶序列,以使其荧光失活,并且只有新的插入/缺失事件会重新激活CFP 荧光。 。为了增加可追溯性,将内部核糖体进入位点和红色荧光蛋白mCherryFP 放置在报告子的下游。由in / del介导的荧光恢复产生的CFP阳性细胞的百分比可以通过荧光测量装置定量,作为基因组编辑频率的读数。作为演示,我们在这里介绍CRISPR-Cas9技术的使用以及流式细胞仪作为荧光变化的读数。
[背景] 基因组编辑工具对于生物学机制的研究以及遗传疾病的预防和/或治疗非常重要(Maeder和Gersbach,2016)。在最近的几十年中,引入了几种基因组编辑工具,包括大范围核酸酶(Epinat 等,2003),锌指核酸酶(ZFN)(Kim ...
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| Evaluation of B Cell Proliferation in vivo by EdU Incorporation Assay
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Author:
Date:
2020-05-05
[Abstract] Generation of antibodies is crucial for establishing enduring protection from invading pathogens, as well as for maintaining homeostasis with commensal bacteria at mucosal surfaces. Chronic exposure to microbiota- and dietary- derived antigens results in continuous production of antibody producing cells within the Peyer’s patch germinal center structures. Recently, we have shown that B cells responding to gut-derived antigens colonize the subepithelial dome (SED) in Peyer’s patches and rapidly proliferate independently of their relative BCR affinity. To evaluate B cell proliferation within different niches in Peyer’s patches, we applied in vivo EdU incorporation assay as described in this protocol.
[摘要] [摘要] 抗体的产生对于建立持久保护免受入侵的病原体以及在粘膜表面维持共生细菌的稳态至关重要。长期暴露于微生物和饮食来源的抗原可导致Peyer's淋巴瘤中不断产生抗体的细胞最近,我们发现对肠道源性抗原有反应的B细胞在Peyer's斑块中上皮下穹顶(SED)定居并迅速增殖,而与它们的相对BCR亲和力无关。评估Peyer's斑块中不同壁ches中的B细胞增殖。 ,我们按照此方案中所述进行了体内EdU 掺入分析。
[背景] 长寿命抗体生成细胞,也被称为浆或血浆细胞(PC机)主要都来源于生发中心(GCS),显微解剖的网站,表单中的免疫器官感染后或免疫接种。进入GC反应涉及亲和基础的B细胞的竞争,每个细胞都表达对抗原具有特定亲和力和特异性的抗原特异性B细胞受体(BCR),一旦遇到抗原,B细胞就会发生活化,并伴随着通过快速增殖的广泛克隆扩增。斑块(PPs)是位于小肠的淋巴器官,是B细胞类将其免疫球蛋白转换为IgA 的主要部位。上皮下穹S(SED)是PP中的一个小生境,其中免疫细胞(包括B细胞)与在PPs中发生GC前事件期间,带有高亲和力BCR的B细胞在SED的定殖和形成过程中没有表现出优先优势 的PC,表明在该位点没有发生基于亲和力的竞争(Biram et al。,2019),尽管如此,只有高亲和力的克隆进入GC结构并进入生发中心反应。外周淋巴结,脾脏和PP中的GC ...
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