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PBS

Company: Millipore Sigma
Catalog#: D8537
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Analyzing the Quenchable Iron Pool in Murine Macrophages by Flow Cytometry
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Date:
2020-03-20
[Abstract]  Tissue-resident macrophages are pivotal for a tightly-regulated iron metabolism at a cellular and systemic level, since subtle iron alterations increase the susceptibility for microbial infections or drive multiple diseases. However, research on cellular iron homeostasis in macrophages remains challenging due to the limited amount of available methods using radioactive 59Fe isotopes or strong iron chelators, which might be inapplicable in certain experimental settings. This protocol describes the analysis of the quenchable iron pool (QIP) in macrophages by loading these cells with exogenous iron-complexes. Thereby, the cytoplasmic iron pool can be determined, since the iron uptake ability of macrophages inversely correlates with intracellular iron levels. Thus, this assay ... [摘要]  [摘要 ] 驻留在组织中的巨噬细胞对于在细胞和全身水平上严格调节铁代谢至关重要,因为细微的铁改变会增加对微生物感染的敏感性或引发多种疾病。然而,由于使用放射性59 Fe同位素或强铁螯合剂的可用方法数量有限,因此巨噬细胞中细胞铁稳态的研究仍然具有挑战性,这在某些实验环境中可能不适用。该协议 描述了通过向这些细胞加载外源铁配合物来分析巨噬细胞中的可淬灭铁池(QIP)。因此,由于巨噬细胞的铁摄取能力与细胞内铁水平成反比,因此可以确定细胞质的铁库。因此,该测定法能够准确分析细胞质铁通量的微小变化,并且几乎适用于所有实验室环境。另外,该方案还可以用于体外和体内的其他免疫细胞类型。

[背景 ] 由于用于全身铁代谢它们的中心调节功能,在多种组织中的巨噬细胞中迅速地改变在不同的刺激的遭遇它们的细胞内的铁水平的微生物感染和疾病(Nairz 等人,2017) 。值得注意的是,大多数细胞中的铁离子被细胞质中的主要铁存储蛋白铁蛋白结合或定位于线粒体或溶酶体等区室(Ma 等,2015 ; Soares和Hamza,2016 ...

Method for Measuring Mucociliary Clearance and Cilia-generated Flow in Mice by ex vivo Imaging
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Date:
2020-03-20
[Abstract]  Ex vivo biophysical measurements provide valuable insights into understanding both physiological and pathogenic processes. One critical physiological mechanism that is regulated by these biophysical properties is cilia-generated flow that mediates mucociliary clearance, which is known to provide protection against foreign particles and pathogens in the upper airway. To measure ciliary clearance, several techniques have been implemented, including the use of radiolabeled particles and imaging with single-photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) methods. Although non-invasive, these tests require the use of specialized equipment, limiting widespread use. Here we describe a method of ex vivo imaging of cilia-generated flow, adapted from previously reported methods, ... [摘要]  [摘要 ] 体外生物物理测量为了解生理和致病过程提供了宝贵的见识。由这些生物物理特性调节的一种关键的生理机制是纤毛产生的血流,它介导了粘膜纤毛清除,已知它可以抵抗上呼吸道中的异物和病原体。为了测量睫毛清除率,已实施了多种技术,包括使用放射性标记的颗粒和使用单光子发射计算机断层扫描(SPECT)方法进行成像。这些测试虽然是非侵入性的,但需要使用专用设备,从而限制了其广泛使用。这里我们描述一种离体方法 对纤毛产生的血流进行成像,并采用以前报道的方法进行改编,以使研究人员更易于访问并获得更高的通量。我们在安乐死后迅速从小鼠身上切除气管,将其纵向切割并将其放置在内部制作的幻灯片中。我们应用荧光颗粒在荧光显微镜下测量颗粒的运动,然后使用ImageJ进行分析,从而可以计算不同条件下纤毛产生的流体流量。该方法能够以最少的投资或专用设备进行组织中的离体测量,从而有机会研究和发现与气管的睫状运动在生理和疾病方面相关的重要生物物理特性。

[背景 ] 多样的生物物理特性的组合物,每个辅助指定功能,弥补人体。一个重要的例子是在许多不同器官系统中产生血流,包括中枢神经系统(Olstad 等人,2019),生殖道(Afzelius 等人,1978; Yuan ...

Testing Bone Formation Induction by Calvarial Injection Assay in vivo
Author:
Date:
2020-03-20
[Abstract]  Bone formation occurs during embryogenesis, skeletal growth and during the process of skeletal renewal throughout life. In the process of bone formation, osteoblasts lay down a collagen-containing matrix, termed osteoid, which is gradually hardened by incorporation of mineral crystals. Although osteoblasts can be induced to differentiate and to deposit mineral in culture, this system does not always provide results that reflect the ability of agents to stimulate bone formation in vivo. This protocol describes a rapid and reliable method for testing local administration of agents on bone formation in vivo. In this method, mice are injected with the agent of question for 5 successive days. Fluorochrome labels are injected prior to, and after agents used for testing, and ... [摘要]  
[摘要 ] 骨骼形成发生在胚胎发生,骨骼生长以及整个生命的骨骼更新过程中。在骨形成过程中,成骨细胞沉积了一种含胶原蛋白的基质(称为类骨质),该基质通过掺入矿物质晶体而逐渐硬化。尽管可以诱导成骨细胞分化并在培养物中沉积矿物质,但该系统并不总是提供反映试剂在体内刺激骨骼形成能力的结果。该协议描述了一种快速可靠的方法,用于测试体内局部骨形成剂的局部给药。 在这种方法中,连续5天给小鼠注射相关药物。在用于测试的试剂之前和之后注射荧光染料标记,并通过未脱钙的骨组织学和组织形态计量术收集并分析样品。这提供了一种评估试剂刺激骨形成能力的可靠方法,如果使用短期修饰,也可以用于测试骨中对相同刺激的基因反应。

[背景 ] 骨形成是为骨架的发展所需的基本过程,对于骨骼生长的进展,并保持整个生命骨结构作为骨架不断重塑。骨形成是通过三个步骤发生的过程:(1)富含胶原的类骨质沉积,(2)通过在胶原纤维周围沉积生物磷灰石晶体而发生的类骨矿化,以及(3)矿化的骨质成熟(Blank and Sims ,2019)。这三个步骤由源自共同祖细胞的两种细胞类型介导。成骨细胞沉积类骨质并开始矿化,并且随着类骨质的沉积,一些成骨细胞被包埋在骨基质内并分化为骨细胞(Dallas and Bonewald ,2010)。这些嵌入的细胞还控制骨骼矿化的程度和性质(Vrahnas 等,2019)。 ...

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