| Bacterial Lawn Avoidance and Bacterial Two Choice Preference Assays in Caenorhabditis elegans
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Author:
Date:
2020-05-20
[Abstract] Physical avoidance of pathogens is a crucial defense strategy used by the host to reduce pathogen infection. Hosts display the use of multiple strategies to sense and avoid pathogens, ranging from olfaction to sensing of damage caused by pathogen infection. Understanding various mechanisms of pathogen avoidance has the potential to uncover conserved host defense responses that are important against pathogen infections. Here, we describe protocols for studying pathogen lawn avoidance behavior as well as a change of bacterial preferences in the model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Besides, we describe the protocol for measuring preferences for pathogenic and nonpathogenic bacteria after training of the animals on pathogenic bacteria. These assays can be implemented in ...
[摘要] [摘要 ] 物理避免病原体是宿主减少病原体感染的关键防御策略。主持人展示了使用多种策略来感知和避免病原体,从嗅觉到感知由病原体感染引起的损害。了解避免病原体的各种机制有可能揭示保守的宿主防御反应,这些反应对病原体感染很重要。在这里,我们描述协议研究线虫秀丽隐杆线虫模型中的病原体避免草坪行为以及细菌偏好的变化的协议 。此外,我们描述了在病原菌上对动物进行训练后测量病原性和非病原性细菌偏好的协议。这些测定法可用于发现宿主学习的各种机制,从而避免病原体。
[背景 ] 一种宿主使用多个策略来抵御病原体感染(Medzhitov 等人,2012)。物理规避病原体是宿主使用的各种防御策略之一(Medzhitov 等,2012;Kavaliers 等,2019; Singh和Aballay ,2020)。在检测到细菌毒素后,不同的感觉机制(包括化学感受和伤害感受神经元引起的疼痛诱发)会导致回避行为。对导致病原体回避的机制的更深入了解,有可能揭示保守的宿主防御反应,这些反应对病原体感染很重要。
线虫秀丽隐杆线虫已被广泛用于理解病原体回避行为和相关学习。秀丽隐杆线虫似乎使用多种机制来了解导致逃避行为的诱因的病原体(Singh和Aballay ,2020年)。秀丽隐杆线虫可以感知细菌代谢产物(Tran 等,2017)以及核心细胞活动的扰动(Melo ...
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| Growth Recovery Assay and FACS-based Population Sorting Following Territorial Exclusion in Proteus mirabilis
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Author:
Date:
2020-03-05
[Abstract] Many bacteria take part in self recognition and kin discrimination behavior using contact-dependent effectors. Understanding the effects these effectors cause is important to explain bacterial community formation and population dynamics. Typically, kin discrimination effectors are toxins that kill target cells; their effect is therefore obvious and easily measurable. However, many self-recognition effectors, such as the Proteus mirabilis Ids system, are non-lethal and do not cause obvious physiological changes in target cells. Previously, experimental techniques to probe cells experiencing non-lethal kin recognition have been limited. Here we describe a technique to reliably isolate cells deemed self and non-self through Ids self-recognition for downstream phenotypic analysis. ...
[摘要] [摘要] 许多细菌使用接触依赖性效应子参与自我识别和亲属歧视行为。了解这些效应子引起的作用对于解释细菌群落形成和种群动态很重要。通常,亲属歧视效应子是杀死靶细胞的毒素;因此,它们的效果是显而易见的,并且易于测量。但是,许多自我识别效应器,例如变形杆菌(Proteus mirabilis) Ids系统是非致命性的,不会在靶细胞中引起明显的生理变化。以前,探测经历非致命亲属识别的细胞的实验技术受到限制。在这里,我们描述了一种技术,该技术可通过Ids自我识别可靠地分离被视为自身和非自身的细胞,以进行下游表型分析。将荧光标记的自我识别突变体的液体培养物混合在一起,并接种在群体允许的琼脂上。收获混合群,并通过荧光激活细胞分选术(FACS)分离每个菌株。在平板读取器上测量每种菌株的生长速率。该协议适用于其他细菌物种。我们简要描述了如何将分类的颗粒用于其他分析,如RNA-Seq文库制备。
[背景和 d] 许多生物的进化适应社区生活。整个大自然中存在的一种常见机制是亲属歧视:对近亲的优先对待和对非亲属的阻碍(Smith,1964)。细菌亲属歧视的研究充分的例子包括接触依赖性抑制(CDI)(Aoki 等,2009; Garcia 等,2016)和通过IV型和VI型分泌系统进行毒素转移(Brunet 等,2013; Souza ...
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