Quantification of Methylglyoxal Levels in Cowpea Leaves in Response to Cowpea Aphid Infestation
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Author:
Date:
2020-10-20
[Abstract] Aphids are a serious pest of crops across the world. Aphids feed by inserting their flexible hypodermal needlelike mouthparts, or stylets, into their host plant tissues. They navigate their way to the phloem where they feed on its sap causing little mechanical damage to the plant. Additionally, while feeding, aphids secrete proteinaceous effectors in their saliva to alter plant metabolism and disrupt plant defenses to gain an advantage over the plant. Even with these arsenals to overcome plant responses, plants have evolved ways to detect and counter with defense responses to curtail aphid infestation. One of such response of cowpea to cowpea aphid infestation, is accumulation of the metabolite methylglyoxal. Methylglyoxal is an α,β-dicarbonyl ketoaldehyde that is toxic at high ...
[摘要] [摘要] 蚜虫是世界各地农作物的严重害虫。蚜虫通过将它们柔软的针状口器插入宿主植物组织中取食。它们会进入韧皮部,在那里吃韧皮部的汁液,对植物的机械损伤很小。此外,蚜虫在进食时,会在唾液中分泌蛋白质效应器来改变植物的新陈代谢,破坏植物的防御,从而获得对植物的优势。即使有了这些武器来克服植物的反应,植物也进化出了探测和反击的方式,以减少蚜虫的侵扰。豇豆蚜虫感染的这种反应之一是代谢物甲基乙二醛的积累。甲基乙二醛是一种对、对二羰基酮醛,在高浓度下有毒。在暴露于许多不同的非生物和生物胁迫后,甲基乙二醛水平略有上升,并已被证明在低水平上作为一种新兴的防御信号分子。在此,我们描述了一种在豇豆蚜虫感染后,利用高氯酸提取工艺在豇豆叶片中测量甲基乙二醛的方案。将提取的上清液用碳酸钾中和,丙酮醛与N-乙酰- l-半胱氨酸反应量化,生成N-乙酰- s -(1-羟基-2-oxo-prop-1-yl)半胱氨酸,并进行分光光度定量。 [背景] ...
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Measurement of Dopamine Using Fast Scan Cyclic Voltammetry in Rodent Brain Slices
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Author:
Date:
2018-10-05
[Abstract] Fast scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) is an electrochemical technique that allows sub-second detection of oxidizable chemical species, including monoamine neurotransmitters such as dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin. This technique has been used to record the physiological dynamics of these neurotransmitters in brain tissue, including their rates of release and reuptake as well as the activity of neuromodulators that regulate such processes. This protocol will focus on the use of ex vivo FSCV for the detection of dopamine within the nucleus accumbens in slices obtained from rodents. We have included all necessary materials, reagents, recipes, procedures, and analyses in order to successfully perform this technique in the laboratory setting. Additionally, we have also included ...
[摘要] 快速扫描循环伏安法(FSCV)是一种电化学技术,可以亚秒检测可氧化的化学物质,包括单胺类神经递质,如多巴胺,去甲肾上腺素和血清素。 该技术已被用于记录这些神经递质在脑组织中的生理动态,包括它们的释放和再摄取速率以及调节这些过程的神经调节剂的活性。 该方案将集中于使用离体 FSCV检测从啮齿动物获得的切片中的伏隔核内的多巴胺。 我们已经包含了所有必要的材料,试剂,配方,程序和分析,以便在实验室环境中成功地执行该技术。 此外,我们还提供了一些警示点,我们认为这些警告点对于那些在该领域的新手有帮助。
【背景】由于首先将用于检查生理系统的电特性的能力用于临床前科学研究,因此已经开发了许多用于研究突触生理学的技术。从鱿鱼轴突电生理记录的早期到现在的快速扫描循环伏安法(FSCV)在人类帕金森病患者中进行(Kishida et al。,2016; Lohrenz et al。,2016),该领域在相对较短的时间内取得了重大进展。该协议的重点是FSCV,是物理学家,分析化学家和神经科学家之间40多年的创新和合作的技术成果。早在19世纪(Bard和Zoski,2000年),电化学与Michael Faraday和Alessandro Volta一起诞生(Bard and Zoski,2000),直到20世纪20年代,Jaroslav ...
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