{{'Search' | translate}}
 

Benchtop microcentrifuge

Company: Eppendorf
Catalog#: 5415D
Bio-protocol()
Company-protocol()
Other protocol()

Measuring Extracellular Proton and Anionic Fluxes in Arabidopsis Pollen Tubes
Author:
Date:
2021-02-05
[Abstract]  

The ion-selective vibrating probe has been used to detect and quantify the magnitude and direction of transmembrane fluxes of several ions in a wide range of biological systems. Inherently non-invasive, vibrating probes have been essential to access relevant electrophysiological parameters related to apical growth and morphogenesis in pollen tubes, a highly specialized cell where spatiotemporal tuning of ion dynamics is fundamental. Of relevance, crucial processes to the cell physiology of pollen tubes associated with protons and anions have been elucidated using vibrating probes, allowing the identification of diverse molecular players underlying and regulating their extracellular fluxes. The use of Arabidopsis thaliana as a genetic model system posed new challenges given their

...
[摘要]  [摘要]离子选择性振动探针已被用于检测和量化各种生物系统中几种离子的跨膜通量的大小和方向。固有Ñ上侵入性,振动探针已经必需访问有关在花粉管,与心尖生长和形态发生电生理参数高度专业化的细胞,其中离子动力学的时空调谐是根本。与此相关的是,已使用振动探针阐明了与质子和阴离子相关的花粉管细胞生理学的关键过程。 ,可以识别潜在分子并调节其细胞外通量。利用拟南芥作为遗传模型系统所带来的相对赋予了新的挑战LY尺寸小,不易操纵体外。在这里,我们描述了协议优化,该优化使在拟南芥花粉管中使用离子选择性振动探针成为可能,从而确保了一致且可重复的数据。Q这样的定量的方法启用表征离子转运蛋白的突变体表现型,这是不被明显形态学和生殖缺陷直接可检测的,提供了有价值的见解分子和细胞机制。可以将此处详述的用于量化细胞外质子和阴离子通量的方案调整为其他系统和物种,同时将样品制备方法应用于相关技术,从而促进对花粉管生长和发育的研究。

[背景]生物电和离子交换的对活体细胞的相关性是毋庸置疑的,具有一个功能影响的范围内的现象,从图案形成,信令和发展癌症和其他疾病(莱,2014)。多样的技术可以被用于检测动作电位,电场,胞外电流,和离子通量。然而,它们的功能评估在体内需要小号的非侵入性的方法。理想情况下,任何感兴趣的生物系统都应在尽可能少的干扰下和最生理的条件下进行研究。这些标准是由非侵入性的离子选择性振动探头,它已被用于在很宽的测量多个跨膜离子通量达到各种实验系统,包括果蝇(布朗和O'Donnell的,2016),斑马鱼(GUH的等。,2016),小鼠皮肤(孙等人,2015年),根(他等人,2015年),水蚤(Stensberg等,2014),C.线虫(Adlimoghaddam等,2014),等等。在花粉管中,使用离子选择性振动探针定量测量细胞外离子通量对于确定主要离子(尤其是Ca ...

Determination of Intracellular Ca2+ Concentration in the Human Pathogens Trypanosomatids Leishmania mexicana and Trypanosoma cruzi by the Use of the Fluorescent Ca2+ Indicator Fura-2
Author:
Date:
2020-09-20
[Abstract]  Ca2+ is an essential signaling messenger in all eukariotic cells, playing a pivotal role in many cellular functions as cell growth control (differentiation, fertilization and apoptosis), secretion, gene expression, enzyme regulation, among many others. This basic premise includes trypanosomatids as Trypanosoma cruzi and various species of Leishmania, the causative agents of Chagas disease and leishmaniasis respectively, where intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) has been demonstrated to be finely regulated. Nevertheless [Ca2+]i has been difficult to measure because of its very low cytoplasmic concentration (typically around 50-100 nM), when compared to the large concentration in the outside milieu ... [摘要]  [摘要] Ca 2+ 是所有真核细胞中必不可少的信号信使,在许多细胞功能中起着关键作用,例如细胞生长控制(分化,受精和凋亡),分泌,基因表达,酶调控等。这个基本前提包括锥虫如锥虫克氏锥虫和各种物种利什曼原虫,分别南美锥虫病和利什曼病的病原体,其中细胞内Ca 2+ 浓度([钙2 + ] 我)已被证明被精细地调节。然而,[Ca 2 + ] i 与外界环境中的高浓度(血液中约2 mM)相比,由于其细胞质浓度非常低(通常约为50-100 nM )而难以测量。细胞内荧光Ca 2+ 敏感指示剂的开发对于实现该目标至关重要。成功的基础是乙酰氧甲基化衍生物前体的合成,该合成物使通常由许多亲水性羧基组成的荧光分子(其非常亲和的Ca 2+ 结合(因此非常亲水))容易穿过质膜。一旦进入细胞内部,非特异性酯酶会将疏水部分从荧光骨架结构中分离出来,释放出羧基,然后将其转化为分子的酸形式,该分子保留在细胞质中并恢复其在Ca中发荧光的能力。2+ 依赖方式。其中,的Fura-2是迄今为止最常用的,因为它是一个比例(两个不同的波长激发和一个发射)的Ca 2+ 与钙指示剂2+ 与内[Ca亲和力兼容2 + ] 我。该协议主要包括用Fura-2加载指数相寄生虫,并通过双波长荧光分光光度计记录[Ca 2 + ] i 中的变化。这种技术允许有价值的信息AB的获取出的[Ca 2 + ] 我Ç ...

Preparation of a Bacteriophage T4-based Prokaryotic-eukaryotic Hybrid Viral Vector for Delivery of Large Cargos of Genes and Proteins into Human Cells
Author:
Date:
2020-04-05
[Abstract]  A viral vector that can safely and efficiently deliver large and diverse molecular cargos into cells is the holy grail of curing many human diseases. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) has been extensively used but has a very small capacity. The prokaryotic virus T4 has a large capacity but lacks natural mechanisms to enter mammalian cells. Here, we created a hybrid vector by combining T4 and AAV into one nanoparticle that possesses the advantages of both. The small 25 nm AAV particles are attached to the large 120 nm x 86 nm T4 head through avidin-biotin cross-bridges using the phage decoration proteins Soc (small outer capsid protein) and Hoc (highly antigenic outer capsid protein). AAV thus “piggy-backed” on T4 capsid, by virtue of its natural ability to enter many types of human cells ... [摘要]  [摘要 ] 一种病毒载体,可以安全有效地将大量多样的分子货物运送到细胞中 是治愈许多人类疾病的圣杯。腺伴随病毒(AAV)已被广泛使用,但容量很小。T4原核病毒容量大,但缺乏进入哺乳动物细胞的天然机制。在这里,我们通过将T4和AAV结合到一个具有两者优势的纳米颗粒中,创建了一种杂交载体。使用噬菌体修饰蛋白Soc(小的外衣壳蛋白)和Hoc(高度抗原化的外衣壳蛋白),通过亲和素-生物素交叉桥将25 nm的AAV小颗粒连接到120 nm x 86 nm的大T4头上。因此,AAV凭借其固有的进入多种类型人体细胞的自然能力,可以“背负”于T4衣壳上,从而有效地充当了“驱动器”,以运送与T4头相关的大型货物。这种独特的T4-AAV杂交载体方法可为将来开发新型疗法铺平道路。

[背景 ] 已经有新的和有效的递送载体能够运输基因和蛋白质的大货物进入人类细胞,以刺激生产治疗性生物分子的和/或修复的细胞和遗传缺陷的迫切需要。这样的载体将允许将快速出现的技术(例如CRISPR,CAR T细胞等)转化为用于大规模应用以及个性化医学的疗法(Stewart 等,2016)。

将具有不同特性的纳米粒子组装到杂化复合物中是开发新型功能材料的有力策略,因为这些杂化复合物显示出集体和协作的属性,其中某些属性可能与单个粒子所显示的属性不同(Ghosh 等人,2012; ...

Comments