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HEPES

HEPES

Company: Sigma-Aldrich
Catalog#: H4034
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Flow Cytometry Analysis and Fluorescence-activated Cell Sorting of Myeloid Cells from Lung and Bronchoalveolar Lavage Samples from Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected Mice
Author:
Date:
2020-05-20
[Abstract]  Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is transmitted by aerosol and can cause serious bacterial infection in the lung that can be fatal if left untreated. Mtb is now the leading cause of death worldwide by an infectious agent. Characterizing the early events of in vivo infection following aerosol challenge is critical for understanding how innate immune cells respond to infection but is technically challenging due to the small number of bacteria that initially infect the lung. Previous studies either evaluated Mtb-infected cells at later stages of infection when the number of bacteria in the lung is much higher or used in vitro model systems to assess the response of myeloid cells to Mtb. Here, we describe a method that uses fluorescent bacteria, a high-dose aerosol ... [摘要]  [摘要 ] 结核分枝杆菌(Mtb)通过气溶胶传播,可引起严重的肺部细菌感染,如果不及时治疗,可能致命。Mtb现在已成为全球传染病致死的主要原因。表征气溶胶激发后体内感染的早期事件对于了解先天免疫细胞如何对感染做出反应至关重要,但由于最初会感染肺的细菌数量少,因此在技术上具有挑战性。先前的研究或者在肺部细菌数量高得多时在感染后期评估Mtb感染的细胞,或者在体外使用 评估骨髓细胞对Mtb反应的模型系统。在这里,我们介绍一种使用荧光细菌,大剂量气溶胶感染模型和流式细胞术跟踪气溶胶感染和荧光激活细胞分选(FACS)之后立即分离肺中Mtb感染细胞的方法,以分离幼稚的旁观者,和Mtb感染的细胞用于下游应用,包括RNA测序。该协议提供了在肺环境中监视Mtb感染和细胞特异性反应的能力,已知该环境可调节常驻和募集人群的功能。使用此协议,我们发现肺泡巨噬细胞通过上调受转录因子Nrf2调节并有害于细菌早期控制的细胞保护性转录反应,在体内对Mtb感染作出反应。

[背景 ] 气溶胶传播是结核分枝杆菌(Mtb)感染自然周期的关键组成部分,有助于细菌的毒性并导致其在肺部的独特感染模式(North ,1995;Riley 等,1995)。 ; Pai et ...

Nuclear/Cytoplasmic Fractionation of Proteins from Caenorhabditis elegans
Author:
Date:
2018-10-20
[Abstract]  C. elegans is widely used to investigate biological processes related to health and disease. To study protein localization, fluorescently-tagged proteins can be used in vivo or immunohistochemistry can be performed in whole worms. Here, we describe a technique to localize a protein of interest at a subcellular level in C. elegans lysates, which can give insight into the location, function and/or toxicity of proteins. [摘要]  ℃。 线虫>广泛用于研究与健康和疾病相关的生物过程。 为了研究蛋白质定位,荧光标记的蛋白质可用于体内>或免疫组织化学可在整个蠕虫中进行。 在这里,我们描述了一种在 C中亚细胞水平定位感兴趣的蛋白质的技术。 线虫>裂解物,可以洞察蛋白质的位置,功能和/或毒性。
【背景】亚细胞分级已用于不同的模式生物中以鉴定和研究细胞核,细胞膜和细胞质中的蛋白质功能。 例如,当聚集倾向蛋白定位于细胞核或细胞质中时,它们的毒性可能更大(Kontopoulos et al。>,2006; Barmada et al。>,2010)。 在这里,我们提供了一个协议(改编自Chen et al。>,2000和La Rocca et al。>,2007)来定位的细胞核和细胞质组分中的特定蛋白质。>℃。线虫>。

HCV Reporter System (Viral Infection-Activated Split-Intein-Mediated Reporter System) for Testing Virus Cell-to-cell Transmission ex-vivo
Author:
Date:
2018-08-05
[Abstract]  Hepatitis C virus (HCV) spread involves two distinct entry pathways: cell-free transmission and cell-to-cell transmission. Cell-to-cell transmission is not only an efficient way for viruses to spread but also an effective method for escaping neutralizing antibodies. We adapted the viral infection-activated split-intein-mediated reporter system (VISI) and developed a straightforward model for Live-cell monitoring of HCV cell-to-cell transmission ex-vivo: co-culture of HCV infected donor cells (red signal) with uninfected recipient cells (green signal) and elimination of the cell-free transmission by adding potent neutralizing antibody AR3A in the supernatant. With this model, the efficiency of cell-to-cell transmission can be evaluated by counting the number of foci designated by ... [摘要]  丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)传播涉及两种不同的进入途径:无细胞传播和细胞间传播。 细胞间传播不仅是病毒传播的有效方式,也是逃避中和抗体的有效方法。 我们采用了病毒感染激活的分裂 - 内含肽介导的报告系统(VISI),并开发了一种直接模型,用于活细胞监测HCV细胞间传递离体:共培养 HCV感染的供体细胞(红色信号)与未感染的受体细胞(绿色信号)和通过在上清液中加入有效的中和抗体AR3A消除无细胞的传递。 利用该模型,可以通过计数受体细胞的绿色信号指定的病灶数来评估细胞间传递的效率。

【背景】越来越多的证据证明病毒可以在受感染的组织中使用不同的传播途径(Sattentau,2008; Zhong et al。,2013)。对于HCV传播,无细胞传播和细胞间传播均可介导肝细胞之间的病毒转移。虽然无细胞传播引发HCV感染,但认为细胞 - 细胞传递直接将HCV转移至相邻的肝细胞。它提供了抵抗中和抗体并有助于病毒持久性的极好方法(Brimacombe et al。,2011; Xiao et al。,2014)。之前的文章也证明了一些促进细胞传递的宿主因子,如清道夫受体BI(SR-BI),CD81,紧密连接蛋白claudin-1(CLDN1),Occludin(OCLN),表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)。 (Witteveldt et al。,2009; ...

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