| Ex vivo Whole-cell Recordings in Adult Drosophila Brain
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Author:
Date:
2018-07-20
[Abstract] Cost-effective and efficient, the fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) has been used to make many key discoveries in the field of neuroscience and to model a number of neurological disorders. Great strides in understanding have been made using sophisticated molecular genetic tools and behavioral assays. Functional analysis of neural activity was initially limited to the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) and in the central nervous system (CNS) of embryos and larvae. Elucidating the cellular mechanisms underlying neurological processes and disorders in the mature nervous system have been more challenging due to difficulty in recording from neurons in adult brains. To this aim we developed an ex vivo preparation in which a whole brain is isolated from the head capsule of an adult ...
[摘要] 果蝇（ Drosophila melanogaster ）具有成本效益和效率，已被用于在神经科学领域进行许多重要发现并模拟许多神经疾病。使用复杂的分子遗传工具和行为测定已经在理解方面取得了很大进展。神经活动的功能分析最初仅限于神经肌肉接头（NMJ）和胚胎和幼虫的中枢神经系统（CNS）。阐明成熟神经系统中神经过程和病症潜在的细胞机制由于难以从成人大脑中的神经元记录而更具挑战性。为此目的，我们开发了一种离体制剂，其中从成年蝇的头部胶囊中分离出全脑并将其置于记录室中。通过这种制备，可以将成年大脑中鉴定的神经元的全细胞记录与遗传，药理学和环境操作相结合，以探索神经元功能和功能障碍的细胞机制。它还作为评估通过用于治疗神经疾病的行为测定法鉴定的新疗法的作用机制的重要平台。在这里，我们提出了成人 Drosophila 脑中离体制剂和全细胞记录的方案。
【背景】果蝇（ Drosophila melanogaster ）已被用于在神经科学的各个基本领域（包括学习和记忆）中取得重要发现（Bolduc et al。，2008; Cervantes- Sandoval et al。，2016），突触形成和调节（Genç et al。，2017）和昼夜节律（Allada et al。 ，1998; Guo et ...
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| Flow Cytometric Quantification of Fatty Acid Uptake by Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Macrophages
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Author:
Date:
2018-02-20
[Abstract] Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) has evolved to assimilate fatty acids from its host. However, until recently, there was no reliable way to quantify fatty acid uptake by the bacteria during host cell infection. Here we describe a new method to quantify fatty acid uptake by intracellular bacilli. We infect macrophages with Mtb constitutively expressing mCherry and then metabolically label them with Bodipy-palmitate. Following the labeling procedure, we isolate Mtb-containing phagosomes on a sucrose cushion and disrupt the phagosomes with detergent. After extensive washes, the isolated bacteria are analyzed by flow cytometry to determine the level of Bodipy-palmitate signal associated with the bacteria. Using a Mtb mutant strain defective in fatty acid uptake in liquid culture we ...
[摘要] 结核分枝杆菌（Mtb）已经发展为从其宿主吸收脂肪酸。然而，直到最近，还没有可靠的方法来量化宿主细胞感染期间细菌对脂肪酸的摄取。在这里，我们描述了一种新的方法来量化细胞内杆菌对脂肪酸的摄取。我们用Mtb组成性表达mCherry感染巨噬细胞，然后用Bodipy-palmitate代谢标记它们。标记程序后，我们在蔗糖垫上分离含有Mtb的吞噬体，并用去污剂破坏吞噬体。大量洗涤后，通过流式细胞术分析分离的细菌以确定与细菌相关的Bodipy-棕榈酸酯信号的水平。使用液体培养物中脂肪酸摄取缺陷的Mtb突变株，我们确定该突变体在巨噬细胞感染期间同化比野生型菌株少10倍的Bodipy-棕榈酸酯。脂肪酸摄取的这种定量方法可用于进一步鉴定参与细胞内Mtb和可能的其他细菌的脂质摄取的途径。
【背景】结核分枝杆菌（Mtb）同化宿主来源的脂质（脂肪酸和胆固醇）的能力使得病原体能够在其宿主内存活（Russell等人，2010; Lovewell 等人，2016）。在小鼠感染期间和在人肺组织中，通过巨噬细胞内的Mtb上调胆固醇和脂肪酸代谢相关基因来支持该想法（Schnappinger等人，2003; Rachman等人，2006; Rohde等人，2007;Fontán等人，2008; Tailleux等人，2008; Homolka et al。，2010; Rohde et ...
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| Isolation and Primary Culture of Adult Human Adipose-derived Stromal/Stem Cells
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Author:
Date:
2017-03-05
[Abstract] Adipose-derived stromal/stem cells (ASCs) are multipotent cells that can be isolated from adipose tissue. Studies have shown that cells have the capacity to self-renew and differentiate into adipocyte, chondrocyte, myocyte, and osteoblast lineages. Thus, significant interest regarding their use for regenerative purposes to restore aging or damaged tissue has grown in recent decades. These cells have also been shown to immunomodulate the microenvironment and secrete abundant growth factors, which minimize inflammation and aid repair and regeneration. ASCs can be readily isolated from the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) of lipoaspirates. Given their ease of accessibility, bountiful source, and potential application in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering, there is growing interest ...
[摘要] 脂肪来源的基质/干细胞（ASCs）是可以从脂肪组织分离的多能细胞。研究表明，细胞具有自我更新和分化成脂肪细胞，软骨细胞，肌细胞和成骨细胞谱系的能力。因此，近几十年来，对再生用途恢复老化或损伤组织的兴趣越来越大。这些细胞也被证明可以免疫微环境并分泌丰富的生长因子，从而使炎症最小化并辅助修复和再生。 ASCs可以容易地从脂质体的基质血管分数（SVF）中分离出来。鉴于其易于获取，丰富的来源和在再生医学和组织工程中的潜在应用，对于ASC的表征和利用越来越感兴趣。该方案描述了从成人人类脂肪组织中分离的ASC以及用于培养维持的方法，包括扩增和低温保存。
背景 脂肪来源的基质/干细胞（ASCs）表现出干细胞领域的巨大潜力。根据造血干细胞移植的治疗奇迹，ASCs代表干细胞的未来，因为它们更容易获得源 - 脂肪组织。 ASCs自我更新和分化成各种组织谱系（包括脂肪细胞，软骨细胞，肌细胞和成骨细胞谱系）的能力允许恢复损伤的组织。另外，推测ASCs有可能在体外复制组织。器官将允许更容易获得新颖药物的评估，从而显着降低药物生产成本。然而，隔离，维护和冷冻保存过程中的不一致，禁止集体分析世界各地不同实验室的结果。用于分离和培养ASC的标准方案对于确保一致的数据分析是必要的。
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