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Parafilm

Company: Interpath
Catalog#: PM996
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Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Killing Assay of Candida albicans
Author:
Date:
2020-08-20
[Abstract]   Fungal pathogen Candida albicans is one of the top leading causes of overall healthcare-associated bloodstream infections worldwide. Neutrophil is the major effector cell to clear C. albicans infection. Our study showed that mouse neutrophils utilize two independent mechanisms to kill C. albicans: one is CR3 downstream NADPH oxidase-dependent mechanism that kills opsonized C. albicans; the other one is dectin-2-mediated NADPH oxidase-independent neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) that kills unopsonized C. albicans. Neutrophil killing of opsonized C. albicans requires phagocytosing the organism and production of reactive oxygen species production (ROS). Most existing protocols that assay for neutrophil killing of C. albicans requires ... [摘要]  [摘要 ] 丰人病原体念珠菌白色念珠菌是顶级领先的原因之一全球总卫生保健相关血流感染。中性粒细胞是清除白色念珠菌感染的主要效应细胞。我们的研究表明,小鼠中性粒细胞利用两种独立的机制杀死白念珠菌:一种是CR3下游NADPH氧化酶依赖性机制,它可以杀死调理过的白色念珠菌。另一个是dectin-2介导的NADPH氧化酶非依赖性中性粒细胞胞外捕获物(NET),它杀死未调理的白色念珠菌。中性粒细胞杀死调理过的白色念珠菌 需要吞噬生物体并产生活性氧(ROS)。大多数现有的协议的测定中性粒细胞杀死白色念珠菌需要使嗜中性粒细胞吞噬生物体后洗涤步骤。根据定义,NET在细胞外杀死生物。因此,重要的是要跳过洗涤步骤,并向孔中添加最佳比例的嗜中性白细胞和白色念珠菌。为了证明NET的作用,有必要比较用微球菌核酸酶(MNase )(一种消化NET的酶)处理的嗜中性粒细胞的杀伤能力与用热灭活的MNase 处理的嗜中性粒细胞的杀伤能力。MNase 还用于释放与NET绑定的真菌元素以进行计数。该协议可用于测定其他生物膜形成生物的NET杀灭。

[背景 ] ...

Activation of Fibroblast Contractility via Cell-Cell Interactions and Soluble Signals
Author:
Date:
2018-09-20
[Abstract]  The collagen contraction assay is an in vitro, three-dimensional method to determine the factor(s) affecting the contractile behavior of activated cells such as fibroblasts in either physiological or pathological scenarios. The collagen lattices/hydrogels are seeded with fibroblasts to mimic the interactions between these cells and their surrounding extracellular matrix proteins in the connective tissue. This method is an important platform to assess components as potential therapeutic targets to prevent pathologies such as fibrosis, which are manifestations of hyperactivated fibroblasts. We have described a basic version of this collagen contraction assay, which is amenable to customization using different cell types under diverse experimental conditions. [摘要]  胶原收缩测定是体外三维方法,用于确定影响生理或病理场景中活化细胞如成纤维细胞的收缩行为的因子。 胶原蛋白晶格/水凝胶用成纤维细胞接种,以模拟这些细胞与其周围细胞外基质蛋白在结缔组织中的相互作用。 该方法是评估组分作为潜在治疗靶标的重要平台,以预防纤维化等病症,这些病症是过度活化的成纤维细胞的表现。 我们已经描述了这种胶原收缩测定的基本版本,其适于在不同实验条件下使用不同细胞类型进行定制。

【背景】细胞外基质的组织收缩和重塑是许多生理条件(例如伤口愈合)中的基本过程。这两种现象的核心是成纤维细胞,它不仅产生和分泌细胞外基质蛋白,而且还可以通过机械相互作用重组它们。有趣的是,这些细胞行为通常在诸如纤维化的病理条件下被夸大(Desmoulière et al。,2005),从而说明需要理解这些过程的分子调节。虽然人们早就知道,胶原蛋白是细胞外基质的主要成分之一,是组织收缩的主要参与者(Bell et al。,1979),对机械细节的透彻理解。这个过程仍然难以捉摸。对体外成纤维细胞胶原基质体外收缩的研究使研究人员能够识别导致组织收缩的新型运动员(Ngo et al。,2006; Su and Chen, 2015年)。基于该测定,可溶性因子如TGFβ(Levi-Schaffer 等,1999)和免疫细胞(Garbuzenko et al。,2002; ...

Assays for Oxidative Responses of Fusarium graminearum Strains to Superoxide Radicals
Author:
Date:
2018-09-05
[Abstract]  The ascomycete fungus Fusarium graminearum is a major causal agent of Fusarium head blight (FHB), a devastating disease affecting small grains cereals worldwide. To better understand the pathogenesis of this fungus, we provide here an easy-to-use protocol to examine the sensitivity of the wild-type and mutant strains of F. graminearum to oxidative stress from superoxide anions (O2•-) generated by menadione. Similarly, this assay can also be used to detect other stress responses of different fungal strains to various stress agents. The change in stress response of a mutant can offer a clue for the biological function of mutated genes. [摘要]  子囊菌真菌 Fusarium graminearum 是 Fusarium 头枯病(FHB)的主要致病因子,FHB是一种影响全世界小粒谷物的破坏性疾病。 为了更好地了解这种真菌的发病机理,我们在此提供了一种易于使用的方案来检测 F的野生型和突变株的敏感性。 禾谷镰刀菌对由甲萘醌产生的超氧阴离子(O2 • - )的氧化应激。 类似地,该测定也可用于检测不同真菌菌株对各种应激物的其他应激反应。 突变体的应激反应的变化可以为突变基因的生物学功能提供线索。

【背景】子囊菌真菌 Fusarium graminearum (以前也被称为 Gibberella zeae 的性状)不仅是 Fusarium 头枯病和幼苗的主要致病因子小麦和大麦枯萎病,也是玉米赤霉病茎腐病的重要致病因子之一(Dal Bello et al。,2002; Bai and Shaner,2004; Kazan et al。,2012)。除了导致谷物大量减产外,这种真菌还会产生影响人类和动物健康的真菌毒素。因此,这种真菌受到广泛关注,在所有研究的植物病原真菌中排名第四(Dean et al。,2012)。

F。禾本科植物对死有机物进行过冬,特别是对受感染的小粒和玉米作物残留物进行过度研究。为了在如此广泛的环境中生存, F. graminearum ...

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