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Sodium fluoride

氟化钠

Company: Sigma-Aldrich
Catalog#: S7920
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Microtubule Seeded-assembly in the Presence of Poorly Nucleating Nucleotide Analogues
Author:
Date:
2020-08-20
[Abstract]  Microtubule dynamic instability is driven by the hydrolysis of the GTP bound to the β-subunit of the α-β tubulin heterodimer. Nucleotide analogues are commonly used to mimic the different steps of the tubulin GTPase cycle, but most of them are poor microtubule nucleators. Usually, microtubule assembly is seeded by guanylyl-(α, β)-methylene-diphosphonate (GMPCPP) or glycerol that can be limiting factors in monitoring the effect of other nucleotide analogs on their polymerization. Here, we describe a protocol that allows the assembly of microtubules in the presence of nucleotide analogues without the need of heterogeneous seeds and at a low final glycerol concentration. Microtubules are first assembled in the presence of the analogue of interest and glycerol to promote assembly. These ... [摘要]  [摘要 ] 微管动态不稳定性是由与α - β 微管蛋白异二聚体的β- 亚基结合的GTP水解驱动的。核苷酸类似物通常用于模拟微管蛋白GTPase循环的不同步骤,但其中大多数是不良的微管成核剂。通常,微管组装是通过胍基-(α ,β )-亚甲基-二膦酸酯(GMPCPP)或甘油来接种的,它们可能是限制其他核苷酸类似物对其聚合作用的监测因素。 在这里,我们描述了一种协议,该协议允许在核苷酸类似物存在的情况下组装微管,而无需异质种子,并且最终甘油浓度低。首先在感兴趣的类似物和甘油的存在下组装微管以促进组装。然后对这些微管进行超声处理,以产生种子,这些种子将在不存在甘油的情况下用于组装微管。这种策略产生了均质的核苷酸结合的微管,可以通过生化或结构方法(如冷冻电子显微镜)进一步分析。

[背景 ] 核苷酸类似物通常用于研究的构象变化,该α - β 微管组装和水解绑定到其可交换的(E)的网站上的GTP的期间微管蛋白异源二聚体经历。但是,除GMPCPP以外,大多数类似物都是微管成核剂。为克服这一困难,GMPCPP稳定化的种子通常用于存在其他类似物的情况下延长微管(Maurer 等人,2011和2014; Zhang ...

Delivery of the Cas9 or TevCas9 System into Phaeodactylum tricornutum via Conjugation of Plasmids from a Bacterial Donor
Author:
Date:
2018-08-20
[Abstract]  Diatoms are an ecologically important group of eukaryotic microalgae with properties that make them attractive for biotechnological applications such as biofuels, foods, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. Phaeodactylum tricornutum is a model diatom with defined culture conditions, but routine genetic manipulations are hindered by a lack of simple and robust genetic tools. One obstacle to efficient engineering of P. tricornutum is that the current selection methods for P. tricornutum transformants depend on the use of a limited number of antibiotic resistance genes. An alternative and more cost-effective selection method would be to generate auxotrophic strains of P. tricornutum by knocking out key genes involved in amino acid biosynthesis, and using ... [摘要]  硅藻是一种具有重要生态意义的真核微藻类,其特性使其对生物燃料,食品,化妆品和药品等生物技术应用具有吸引力。 Phaeodactylum tricornutum 是具有确定培养条件的模型硅藻,但缺乏简单而强大的遗传工具阻碍了常规遗传操作。有效设计 P的一个障碍。 tricornutum 是 P的当前选择方法。 tricornutum 转化体依赖于使用有限数量的抗生素抗性基因。另一种更具成本效益的选择方法是产生 P的营养缺陷型菌株。通过敲除参与氨基酸生物合成的关键基因,并使用基于质粒的生物合成基因拷贝作为选择标记,使三角酵母。以前关于 P基因敲除的研究。 tricornutum 使用biolistic转换将CRISPR-Cas9系统传递到 P.藻。非复制质粒的生物射弹转化可导致对 P的不期望的损伤。由于转化的DNA随机整合到基因组中,tricornutum 。随后固化编辑的细胞以防止Cas9的长期过表达是非常困难的,因为目前没有方法来切除整合的质粒。该协议采用新方法将Cas9或TevCas9系统传送到 P. tricornutum 通过来自细菌供体细胞的质粒的缀合。该过程涉及:1)设计和插入靶向 P的guideRNA。将tricornutum 尿素酶基因导入TevCas9表达质粒,该质粒也编码转移的接合起点,2)将该质粒安装在含有含有接合机制的质粒(pTA-Mob)的大肠杆菌中, ...

Analysis of Metals in Whole Cells, Thylakoids and Photosynthetic Protein Complexes in Synechocystis sp. PCC6803
Author:
Date:
2018-06-20
[Abstract]  Metals are essential in many biological processes, including oxygenic photosynthesis. Here we described a method to measure the metal pool in whole cells and thylakoids, including the bioactive pool in intact photosynthetic protein complexes in the model oxygenic cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC6803. In the first part of the protocol, whole cells and thylakoid membranes are carefully prepared, in which the total metal concentrations are measured by inductively coupled plasma triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry (ICP-QQQ-MS). In the second part of the protocol, isolated thylakoids are solubilized to release the integral membrane proteins and the metal binding protein complexes. These intact photosynthetic protein complexes are subjected to size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and ... [摘要]  金属在许多生物过程中是必不可少的,包括含氧光合作用。 在这里我们描述了测量全细胞和类囊体中金属库的方法,包括模型含氧蓝藻PCH6803中完整光合蛋白复合体中的生物活性库。 在方案的第一部分中,仔细制备全细胞和类囊体膜,其中通过电感耦合等离子体三重四极杆质谱(ICP-MS / MS)测量总金属浓度。 在该方案的第二部分,分离的类囊体被溶解以释放完整的膜蛋白和金属结合蛋白复合物。 将这些完整的光合蛋白复合物进行尺寸排阻色谱(SEC),并通过ICP-MS / MS进行连接分析尺寸分离的复合物中的金属结合。

【背景】氧光合作用的过程需要金属,因为它们在光合电子传递链中作为辅因子和催化剂的基本功能。光合装置需要Fe-S簇,血红素桥Fe和非血红素Fe形式的铁(Fe),可溶性移动电子载体蛋白质质体蓝素中的铜(Cu),叶绿素中的镁(Mg), ...

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