| Isolation, Purification and Characterization of Exosomes from Fibroblast Cultures of Skeletal Muscle
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Author:
Date:
2020-04-05
[Abstract] Exosomes are dynamic nanovesicles secreted by virtually all cells and are present in all biological fluids. Given their highly heterogeneous content exosomes have been implicated in many physiological and pathological processes that they exert by influencing cell-cell and cell-ECM communication. In recent years an increasing number of methods have been established for the purification and characterization of exosomes. These include ultracentrifugation, ultrafiltration, size exclusion chromatography, immune capture and precipitation using a proprietary polymer. Here, we provide a protocol based on differential ultracentrifugation and sucrose density gradients tailored for the isolation of crude and ultra-pure exosomes from primary fibroblast cultures derived from adult mouse skeletal ...
[摘要] [摘要 ] 外来体是几乎所有细胞分泌的动态纳米囊泡，并存在于所有生物体液中。鉴于它们的异质含量很高，外泌体已牵涉到它们通过影响细胞-细胞和细胞-ECM通讯而发挥的许多生理和病理过程。近年来，已经建立了越来越多的方法外泌体的纯化和表征。其中包括超速离心，超滤，尺寸排阻色谱，免疫捕获和使用专有聚合物的沉淀。在这里，我们提供了基于差分超速离心和蔗糖密度梯度的协议，该协议专门用于从成年小鼠骨骼肌衍生的原代成纤维细胞培养物中分离粗制和超纯外泌体。可以对该协议进行修改和修改，以从各种组织和体液中分离和表征外泌体。
背景 ] ë xosomes是单膜，异质纳米囊泡直径范围从30至150nm，secre 由所有细胞和存在于几乎所有的体液泰德。外泌体中存在的可溶性和膜大分子，mRNA，microRNA的光谱取决于代谢状态以及分泌这些纳米囊泡的细胞的发育起源。由于它们的货物组成，外泌体可以启动接收细胞中的信号传导途径，并参与了发育，免疫和正常组织生理的维持。在神经退行性疾病，纤维化和癌症等疾病条件下，它们被证明可以触发和传播病理刺激（Rackov 等，2018; Gurunathan 等，2019; van de Vlekkert 等，2019）。在这里，我们描述了从成年小鼠腓肠肌（GA）肌肉建立的成纤维细胞培养物中纯化外泌体的方案（van de Vlekkert ...
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| Growth Recovery Assay and FACS-based Population Sorting Following Territorial Exclusion in Proteus mirabilis
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Author:
Date:
2020-03-05
[Abstract] Many bacteria take part in self recognition and kin discrimination behavior using contact-dependent effectors. Understanding the effects these effectors cause is important to explain bacterial community formation and population dynamics. Typically, kin discrimination effectors are toxins that kill target cells; their effect is therefore obvious and easily measurable. However, many self-recognition effectors, such as the Proteus mirabilis Ids system, are non-lethal and do not cause obvious physiological changes in target cells. Previously, experimental techniques to probe cells experiencing non-lethal kin recognition have been limited. Here we describe a technique to reliably isolate cells deemed self and non-self through Ids self-recognition for downstream phenotypic analysis. ...
[摘要] [摘要] 许多细菌使用接触依赖性效应子参与自我识别和亲属歧视行为。了解这些效应子引起的作用对于解释细菌群落形成和种群动态很重要。通常，亲属歧视效应子是杀死靶细胞的毒素；因此，它们的效果是显而易见的，并且易于测量。但是，许多自我识别效应器，例如变形杆菌（Proteus mirabilis） Ids系统是非致命性的，不会在靶细胞中引起明显的生理变化。以前，探测经历非致命亲属识别的细胞的实验技术受到限制。在这里，我们描述了一种技术，该技术可通过Ids自我识别可靠地分离被视为自身和非自身的细胞，以进行下游表型分析。将荧光标记的自我识别突变体的液体培养物混合在一起，并接种在群体允许的琼脂上。收获混合群，并通过荧光激活细胞分选术（FACS）分离每个菌株。在平板读取器上测量每种菌株的生长速率。该协议适用于其他细菌物种。我们简要描述了如何将分类的颗粒用于其他分析，如RNA-Seq文库制备。
[背景和 d] 许多生物的进化适应社区生活。整个大自然中存在的一种常见机制是亲属歧视：对近亲的优先对待和对非亲属的阻碍（Smith，1964）。细菌亲属歧视的研究充分的例子包括接触依赖性抑制（CDI）（Aoki 等，2009; Garcia 等，2016）和通过IV型和VI型分泌系统进行毒素转移（Brunet 等，2013; Souza ...
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